This thesis aims to analyze the aerodynamic and kinematic behavior of rear wing profiles in modern Formula 1 single-seaters, focusing specifically on the tradeoff between generating downforce in cornering and reducing drag on straights. In particular, the study explores the case of the Scuderia Ferrari rear wing featuring an extreme 180-degree flap rotation, informally known in the paddock as the "Macarena" concept. The first part of the paper reviews the theoretical pillars of airfoil aerodynamics (Kelvin's circulation conservation theorem, the Kutta condition, and the generation of the starting vortex), followed by an anatomical analysis of the rear wing assembly and standard DRS operations. The second part focuses on the analysis of data extracted from high-fidelity transient Large Eddy Simulations (LES). By mapping the flow fields across four distinct phases of the flap's rotational arc, the trends of the CL and CD coefficients are quantified, isolating the aerodynamic shock of deep stall at 90° (CL ≈−0,10) and the subsequent low-drag optimization upon full inversion (CL ≈0,05). Finally, the investigation highlights the main drawback of the system: a massive aerodynamic lift hysteresis during braking zones that results in a net downforce deficit of ΔCL =0,2, which is compared against the more linear but drag-heavy transient responses of conventional rear-rotation-axis wings.
Il presente lavoro di tesi si propone di analizzare il comportamento aerodinamico e cinematico dei profili alari posteriori nelle moderne monoposto di Formula 1, focalizzandosi sul compromesso tra la generazione di carico verticale (downforce) in curva e l'abbattimento della resistenza all'avanzamento (drag) in rettilineo. Nello specifico, lo studio approfondisce il caso dell'ala posteriore Ferrari a rotazione estrema di oltre 180°, nota nel paddock come concetto "Macarena". Nella prima parte dell'elaborato vengono richiamati i concetti teorici dell'aerodinamica del profilo (il teorema di conservazione della circolazione di Kelvin, la condizione di Kutta e la generazione del vortice d’avvio), per poi analizzare l'anatomia strutturale dell'ala posteriore e il funzionamento dei sistemi DRS standard. La seconda parte è dedicata all'analisi dei dati estratti da simulazioni numeriche avanzate ad alta fedeltà (studi LES transitori). Attraverso la mappatura del flusso in quattro fasi distinte dell'arco di rotazione del flap mobile, vengono quantificati gli andamenti dei coefficienti CL e CD , isolando il trauma fluidodinamico dello stallo a 90° (CL ≈−0,10) e il successivo sblocco in modalità low-drag a inversione completata (CL ≈0,05). Infine, l'indagine mette in luce la principale criticità del sistema: una massiccia isteresi aerodinamica in fase di staccata che genera un deficit di carico pari a ΔCL =0,2, qui confrontata con le risposte più lineari ma meno efficienti in termini di resistenza delle ali tradizionali a perno posteriore.
Analisi aerodinamica dei profili alari posteriori nelle monoposto di Formula 1
POLLONI, ALBERTO
2025/2026
Abstract
This thesis aims to analyze the aerodynamic and kinematic behavior of rear wing profiles in modern Formula 1 single-seaters, focusing specifically on the tradeoff between generating downforce in cornering and reducing drag on straights. In particular, the study explores the case of the Scuderia Ferrari rear wing featuring an extreme 180-degree flap rotation, informally known in the paddock as the "Macarena" concept. The first part of the paper reviews the theoretical pillars of airfoil aerodynamics (Kelvin's circulation conservation theorem, the Kutta condition, and the generation of the starting vortex), followed by an anatomical analysis of the rear wing assembly and standard DRS operations. The second part focuses on the analysis of data extracted from high-fidelity transient Large Eddy Simulations (LES). By mapping the flow fields across four distinct phases of the flap's rotational arc, the trends of the CL and CD coefficients are quantified, isolating the aerodynamic shock of deep stall at 90° (CL ≈−0,10) and the subsequent low-drag optimization upon full inversion (CL ≈0,05). Finally, the investigation highlights the main drawback of the system: a massive aerodynamic lift hysteresis during braking zones that results in a net downforce deficit of ΔCL =0,2, which is compared against the more linear but drag-heavy transient responses of conventional rear-rotation-axis wings.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/115208