The upcycling of volcanic ash through alkaline activation and salt-templating represents an innovative strategy for transforming a natural and abundant by-product into sustainable, porous and functional materials with high added value, whilst reducing the consumption of new raw materials and the associated emissions. Volcanic ash, produced by the frequent eruptions of Mount Etna, is rich in silica (SiO₂) and alumina (Al₂O₃), components that make it suitable for the synthesis of geopolymers and alkali-activated materials (AAMs). Through the alkaline activation process, these ashes can be converted into inorganic matrices with good mechanical and chemical properties. Integration with the salt-templating technique also allows the porosity of the final material to be controlled, broadening its potential applications. In the ‘mild’ alkaline activation process, the aluminosilicate precursors are treated with alkaline solutions, such as NaOH and Ca(OH)2, at concentrations not exceeding 5 M. During the process, the amorphous phases of the ashes partially dissolve, releasing components into solution whilst Si-O-Si surface bonds, Si-O-Al between the particles. Consolidation takes place at low temperature (<60 °C) and results in compact, strong structures. To create porosity, salt crystals (NaCl) of varying particle sizes were added to the activated suspensions, then removed by washing cycles in hot water. The final samples exhibit high porosity (>70%) with interconnected pores of varying sizes. The resulting materials were characterised using X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, scanning electron microscopy (SEM-EDS) and uniaxial mechanical compression tests.
L'up-cycling delle ceneri vulcaniche mediante attivazione alcalina e salt-templating rappresenta una strategia innovativa per trasformare un sottoprodotto naturale ed abbondante in materiali ad alto valore aggiunto, sostenibili, porosi e funzionali, riducendo al contempo il consumo di nuove materie prime e le emissioni associate. Le ceneri vulcaniche, prodotte dalle frequenti eruzioni dell’Etna, sono ricche di silice (SiO₂) e allumina (Al₂O₃), componenti che le rendono adatte alla sintesi di geopolimeri e materiali da attivazione alcalina (AAMs). Attraverso il processo di attivazione alcalina, queste ceneri possono essere convertite in matrici inorganiche con buone proprietà meccaniche e chimiche. L'integrazione con la tecnica del salt-templating consente, inoltre, di controllare la porosità del materiale finale, ampliandone le possibili applicazioni. Nel processo di attivazione alcalina “debole" (mild activation), i precursori alluminosilicatici vengono attaccati con soluzioni alcaline, come NaOH e Ca(OH)2 con concentrazione non superiore a 5 M. Durante il processo, le fasi amorfe delle ceneri si dissolvono parzialmente con rilascio di componenti in soluzione insieme alla rottura e successiva riformazione di legami superficiali Si-O-Si, Si-O-Al tra le particelle. Il consolidamento avviene a bassa temperatura (<60 °C) e permette di ottenere strutture compatte e resistenti. Per generare la porosità, alle sospensioni attivate sono stati aggiunti cristalli di sale (NaCl) con diversa granulometria, poi rimossi mediante cicli di lavaggio in acqua calda. I campioni finali presentano elevata porosità (>70%) con pori interconnessi di diversa dimensione. I materiali ottenuti sono stati caratterizzati mediante analisi in diffrazione a raggi X (XRD), microscopia elettronica a scansione (SEM-EDS) e prove di compressione meccanica uniassiale.
Up-cycling di ceneri vulcaniche mediante attivazione alcalina e salt-templating per lo sviluppo di materiali sostenibili
CAVUTA, EMANUELE
2025/2026
Abstract
The upcycling of volcanic ash through alkaline activation and salt-templating represents an innovative strategy for transforming a natural and abundant by-product into sustainable, porous and functional materials with high added value, whilst reducing the consumption of new raw materials and the associated emissions. Volcanic ash, produced by the frequent eruptions of Mount Etna, is rich in silica (SiO₂) and alumina (Al₂O₃), components that make it suitable for the synthesis of geopolymers and alkali-activated materials (AAMs). Through the alkaline activation process, these ashes can be converted into inorganic matrices with good mechanical and chemical properties. Integration with the salt-templating technique also allows the porosity of the final material to be controlled, broadening its potential applications. In the ‘mild’ alkaline activation process, the aluminosilicate precursors are treated with alkaline solutions, such as NaOH and Ca(OH)2, at concentrations not exceeding 5 M. During the process, the amorphous phases of the ashes partially dissolve, releasing components into solution whilst Si-O-Si surface bonds, Si-O-Al between the particles. Consolidation takes place at low temperature (<60 °C) and results in compact, strong structures. To create porosity, salt crystals (NaCl) of varying particle sizes were added to the activated suspensions, then removed by washing cycles in hot water. The final samples exhibit high porosity (>70%) with interconnected pores of varying sizes. The resulting materials were characterised using X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, scanning electron microscopy (SEM-EDS) and uniaxial mechanical compression tests.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/115357