Injuries of the T-Junction, the distal myotendinous junction (DMTJ) where the long head and short head of the biceps femoris converge, represent a subcategory of hamstring injuries characterized by high anatomical complexity, dual innervation, and high recurrence rates reported in the literature. Despite the growing clinical attention towards this injury site, the understanding of its anatomical and biomechanical correlates and of the optimal criteria to guide Return to Play (RTP) remains limited. This literature review, conducted through a systematic search of the PubMed database and selection of studies according to the PRISMA protocol, aims to synthesize the available evidence regarding the anatomy, biomechanics, imaging, and rehabilitation management of T-Junction injuries, in order to identify the most reliable criteria for a safe and effective RTP. The analysis of the six included studies shows that the “long” anatomical configuration of the T-Junction is associated with significantly longer RTP times compared to the “short” configuration, as well as with a higher risk of recurrence. This finding suggests that the extent of this anatomical structure may guide prognostic expectations and the degree of caution required during rehabilitation progression from the diagnostic stage. From a biomechanical perspective, the short head of the biceps femoris plays a role in modulating tension in the long head, providing a rationale for the inclusion of specific strengthening exercises in rehabilitation protocols. From a diagnostic perspective, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)-based classification systems, such as BAMIC, appear insufficient to fully capture the complexity of the T-Junction. Dynamic ultrasound, on the other hand, emerges as a promising tool for assessing tendon continuity and the synchronous behavior of the two muscle heads during contraction, thereby offering more specific criteria for load progression. In conclusion, a safe RTP requires the integration of individual anatomical variability, imaging monitoring, and targeted rehabilitation protocols aimed at restoring intermuscular coordination.
Le lesioni della T-Junction, la giunzione miotendinea distale (DMTJ) in cui convergono il capo lungo e il capo breve del bicipite femorale, rappresentano una sottocategoria delle lesioni degli hamstring caratterizzata da elevata complessità anatomica, duplice innervazione ed elevati tassi di recidiva riportati in letteratura. Nonostante la crescente attenzione clinica verso questa sede lesionale, la comprensione dei suoi correlati anatomo-biomeccanici e dei criteri ottimali per guidare il Return to Play (RTP) rimane parziale. Questa tesi compilativa, condotta tramite ricerca sistematica sul database PubMed e selezione degli studi secondo il protocollo PRISMA, ha l'obiettivo di sintetizzare le evidenze disponibili riguardanti l'anatomia, la biomeccanica, la diagnostica per immagini e la gestione riabilitativa delle lesioni della T-Junction, al fine di individuare i criteri più affidabili per un RTP sicuro ed efficace. Dall'analisi dei 6 studi inclusi emerge che la configurazione anatomica “long” della T- Junction è associata a tempi di RTP significativamente più lunghi rispetto alla configurazione “short”, e a un maggior rischio di recidiva, un dato che suggerisce come l'estensione di questa struttura anatomica possa orientare, già in fase diagnostica, le aspettative prognostiche e la cautela nella progressione riabilitativa. Dal punto di vista biomeccanico, il capo breve del bicipite femorale svolge un ruolo di modulazione della tensione del capo lungo, fornendo un razionale per l'inclusione di esercizi specifici di rinforzo nei protocolli riabilitativi. Sul piano diagnostico, i sistemi di classificazione basati sulla risonanza magnetica (come il BAMIC) risultano insufficienti a catturare pienamente la complessità della T-Junction, mentre l'ecografia dinamica emerge come strumento promettente per valutare la continuità tendinea e il comportamento sincrono dei due capi muscolari durante la contrazione, offrendo così criteri più specifici per la progressione del carico. In conclusione, un RTP sicuro richiede di integrare la variabilità anatomica individuale, il monitoraggio per immagini e protocolli riabilitativi mirati al ripristino della coordinazione intermuscolare.
Le lesioni della T-Junction degli hamstring: implicazioni per il Return to Play
CAZZARO, EMMA
2025/2026
Abstract
Injuries of the T-Junction, the distal myotendinous junction (DMTJ) where the long head and short head of the biceps femoris converge, represent a subcategory of hamstring injuries characterized by high anatomical complexity, dual innervation, and high recurrence rates reported in the literature. Despite the growing clinical attention towards this injury site, the understanding of its anatomical and biomechanical correlates and of the optimal criteria to guide Return to Play (RTP) remains limited. This literature review, conducted through a systematic search of the PubMed database and selection of studies according to the PRISMA protocol, aims to synthesize the available evidence regarding the anatomy, biomechanics, imaging, and rehabilitation management of T-Junction injuries, in order to identify the most reliable criteria for a safe and effective RTP. The analysis of the six included studies shows that the “long” anatomical configuration of the T-Junction is associated with significantly longer RTP times compared to the “short” configuration, as well as with a higher risk of recurrence. This finding suggests that the extent of this anatomical structure may guide prognostic expectations and the degree of caution required during rehabilitation progression from the diagnostic stage. From a biomechanical perspective, the short head of the biceps femoris plays a role in modulating tension in the long head, providing a rationale for the inclusion of specific strengthening exercises in rehabilitation protocols. From a diagnostic perspective, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)-based classification systems, such as BAMIC, appear insufficient to fully capture the complexity of the T-Junction. Dynamic ultrasound, on the other hand, emerges as a promising tool for assessing tendon continuity and the synchronous behavior of the two muscle heads during contraction, thereby offering more specific criteria for load progression. In conclusion, a safe RTP requires the integration of individual anatomical variability, imaging monitoring, and targeted rehabilitation protocols aimed at restoring intermuscular coordination.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/115455