Comparing team sports and individual sports regarding the development of executive functions in young athletes (aged 18–25) is crucial for understanding the impact of physical activity on cognitive development. Although existing literature indicates superior executive function performance in both team sport athletes and those in open-skill disciplines, it remains unclear whether this benefit stems primarily from social interaction or from the unpredictability of the environmental context. The aim of this research is to analyze differences in inhibitory control and reaction time among young athletes practicing team sports (volleyball, soccer), closed-skill individual sports (artistic gymnastics, track and field), and open-skill individual sports (tennis, kickboxing). The observational study involves a sample of 15–30 athletes (male and female) for each of the six sports disciplines mentioned. In a single session prior to training, participants completed the following in succession: an anonymous questionnaire covering sociodemographic data and the BRIEF-A questionnaire (measuring control and impulsivity in daily life), the Stroop Test (for selective attention and inhibitory capacity), the ruler-drop test (for simple reaction time), and an inhibitory control and reaction time test using the Orbita ball. Consistent with the literature, the hypotheses formulated for this study are that team sport athletes will demonstrate faster reaction times and better inhibitory control compared to individual sport athletes (in both open- and closed-skill disciplines), due to constant demands for interaction and responses to environmental and socio-relational stimuli. Furthermore, it is hypothesized that athletes in disciplines characterized by variable and unpredictable environments (open-skill sports, whether team or individual) will exhibit greater development of executive functions compared to athletes in closed-skill sports.
Il confronto tra sport di squadra e individuali nello sviluppo delle funzioni esecutive nei giovani atleti (18-25 anni) è fondamentale per comprendere l'impatto dell'attività motoria sullo sviluppo cognitivo: sebbene la letteratura indichi prestazioni superiori nelle funzioni esecutive sia per gli atleti di sport di squadra sia per quelli di discipline open-skill, rimane da chiarire se tale beneficio derivi principalmente dall'interazione sociale o dall'imprevedibilità del contesto ambientale. Lo scopo della ricerca è analizzare le differenze nel controllo inibitorio e nel tempo di reazione tra giovani atleti praticanti sport di squadra (pallavolo, calcio), sport individuali closed-skill (ginnastica artistica, atletica) e sport individuali open-skill (tennis, kick boxing). Lo studio osservazionale prevede il coinvolgimento di un campione di 15/30 atleti (tra maschi e femmine) per ciascuna delle sei discipline sportive indicate. In un'unica giornata e prima dell'inizio della sessione di allenamento, ai partecipanti sono stati somministrati in successione: un questionario anonimo contenente domande di tipo sociodemografico e il questionario BRIEF-A che misura il controllo e l'impulsività nella vita quotidiana, il Test di Stroop (per l'attenzione selettiva e la capacità di inibizione), il Ruler-drop test (per il tempo di reazione semplice) e un test di controllo inibitorio e tempo di reazione tramite l'utilizzo della palla Orbita. Le ipotesi formulate per questo studi, in linea con la letteratura, sono che gli atleti di sport di squadra mostrino tempi di reazione più rapidi ed un migliore controllo inibitorio rispetto ai praticanti di sport individuali (sia open che closed-skill), dovuti alla presenza di costanti richieste di interazione e di risposta agli stimoli ambientali e socio-relazionali. Inoltre, si suppone che i praticanti di discipline caratterizzate da un ambiente variabile ed imprevedibile (open-skill, sia di squadra che individuali) manifestino uno sviluppo maggiore delle funzioni esecutive rispetto agli atleti di sport closed-skill.
Interazione sociale o imprevedibilità ambientale? Uno studio osservazionale su controllo inibitorio e tempo di reazione in giovani atleti
PIERETTO, SARA
2025/2026
Abstract
Comparing team sports and individual sports regarding the development of executive functions in young athletes (aged 18–25) is crucial for understanding the impact of physical activity on cognitive development. Although existing literature indicates superior executive function performance in both team sport athletes and those in open-skill disciplines, it remains unclear whether this benefit stems primarily from social interaction or from the unpredictability of the environmental context. The aim of this research is to analyze differences in inhibitory control and reaction time among young athletes practicing team sports (volleyball, soccer), closed-skill individual sports (artistic gymnastics, track and field), and open-skill individual sports (tennis, kickboxing). The observational study involves a sample of 15–30 athletes (male and female) for each of the six sports disciplines mentioned. In a single session prior to training, participants completed the following in succession: an anonymous questionnaire covering sociodemographic data and the BRIEF-A questionnaire (measuring control and impulsivity in daily life), the Stroop Test (for selective attention and inhibitory capacity), the ruler-drop test (for simple reaction time), and an inhibitory control and reaction time test using the Orbita ball. Consistent with the literature, the hypotheses formulated for this study are that team sport athletes will demonstrate faster reaction times and better inhibitory control compared to individual sport athletes (in both open- and closed-skill disciplines), due to constant demands for interaction and responses to environmental and socio-relational stimuli. Furthermore, it is hypothesized that athletes in disciplines characterized by variable and unpredictable environments (open-skill sports, whether team or individual) will exhibit greater development of executive functions compared to athletes in closed-skill sports.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/115477