Risk factors, widely documented in the academic literature, represent systematic sources of return that can potentially diversify portfolio performance. However, a substantial gap exists between the theoretical formulation of risk factors and their practical implementation through ETFs. Because of constraints related to risk management, liquidity, turnover, and investability, ETF implementations alter the original structure of academic factors, causing them to behave differently from their theoretical counterparts. The primary consequence is the introduction of a substantial common market exposure, which reduces the diversification benefits of factor investing relative to what the formal classification of factor ETFs would suggest. This study investigates this redundancy, which becomes particularly relevant during adverse market conditions, and evaluates Trend Following as an investable convex payoff strategy to mitigate its effects. The empirical analysis, based on historical monthly returns, first examines the redundancy of factor ETFs through their common market exposure and subsequently evaluates the impact of incorporating Trend Following during adverse market environments.
I fattori di rischio, ampiamente documentati dalla letteratura accademica, rappresentano esposizioni sistematiche potenzialmente utili per diversificare le fonti di rendimento dei portafogli. Tuttavia, esiste un divario sostanziale tra la formulazione teorica dei fattori e la loro implementazione concreta tramite ETF. A causa di vincoli di rischio, liquidità, turnover e investibilità, l’implementazione tramite ETF modifica la struttura originaria dei fattori, alterandone il comportamento effettivo rispetto alla formulazione teorica. L’effetto principale è l’introduzione di una marcata esposizione comune al mercato, che riduce il beneficio di diversificazione fattoriale rispetto a quanto suggerito dalla classificazione formale degli ETF. Il presente lavoro analizza questa ridondanza, particolarmente rilevante durante fasi di mercato avverse, e valuta il Trend Following come strategia investibile a payoff convesso per mitigarne gli effetti. L’analisi empirica, basata su rendimenti mensili storici, valuta prima la ridondanza degli ETF fattoriali attraverso la loro esposizione comune al mercato e, successivamente, l’effetto dell’integrazione del Trend Following durante scenari di mercato avversi.
Factor Redundancy in Tail Events: Empirical Evidence and Convex Payoff Strategies
BUSCEMA, MATTEO
2025/2026
Abstract
Risk factors, widely documented in the academic literature, represent systematic sources of return that can potentially diversify portfolio performance. However, a substantial gap exists between the theoretical formulation of risk factors and their practical implementation through ETFs. Because of constraints related to risk management, liquidity, turnover, and investability, ETF implementations alter the original structure of academic factors, causing them to behave differently from their theoretical counterparts. The primary consequence is the introduction of a substantial common market exposure, which reduces the diversification benefits of factor investing relative to what the formal classification of factor ETFs would suggest. This study investigates this redundancy, which becomes particularly relevant during adverse market conditions, and evaluates Trend Following as an investable convex payoff strategy to mitigate its effects. The empirical analysis, based on historical monthly returns, first examines the redundancy of factor ETFs through their common market exposure and subsequently evaluates the impact of incorporating Trend Following during adverse market environments.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/115527