The global spread of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) has become a major threat to global health. Genes such as blaNDM-1 and mcr-1, which confer resistance to last-resort antibiotics, are of particular concern because they reduce or eliminate an already limited number of treatment options. Since the development of new antibiotics and novel drug classes is expensive and time-consuming, alternative therapeutic strategies are needed. One such strategy is CRISPR interference (CRISPRi), which offers a sequence-specific approach to silencing resistance genes and thus restoring bacterial susceptibility to antibiotics. The aim of this thesis was to characterize an engineered M13 bacteriophage platform for the delivery of a CRISPRi machinery to resensitize AMR Escherichia coli strains. Phagemids carrying single or double-spacer CRISPRi cassettes that target blaNDM-1, mcr-1, or both genes simultaneously were packaged into M13 bacteriophages and used to transduce F’-positive E. coli strains that are resistant to meropenem or colistin. The specificity of the system was confirmed by an unspecific control, which showed that the growth delay was due to sequence-specific repression rather than the phagemid metabolic burden. Growth-delay assays with different meropenem and colistin concentrations showed that the CRISPRi-transduced strains were re-sensitized to both antibiotics, with the single-spacer constructs performing better than the double-guide construct. When it was applied to a panel of 27 meropenem-resistant clinical E. coli isolates, ten could be transduced, and two of these showed a two-fold reduction in meropenem MIC. This provided a first, albeit limited, proof of principle that the system can work beyond laboratory strains. Phage particle titers were quantified using a digital droplet PCR (ddPCR) and a real-time quantitative PCR (qPCR)-based system, and showed about 1000-fold variation across different phage productions. Co-transduction experiments were performed to test the possibility of delivering two different phagemids into a single cell, but no colonies were obtained, leaving the feasibility of this approach unresolved. Overall, this thesis demonstrates that phagemid-delivered CRISPRi can partially and specifically re-sensitize resistant E. coli to last-resort antibiotics without cleaving the target DNA and provides a demonstration that this principle can work in clinical isolates. These findings provide a foundation for further optimization of phage-based delivery platforms targeting clinically relevant antibiotic resistance genes and represent an innovative and promising tool to address the emerging issue of antimicrobial resistance.
La diffusione globale della resistenza agli antimicrobici (AMR) è diventata una grave minaccia per la salute mondiale. Geni come blaNDM-1 e mcr-1, che conferiscono resistenza agli antibiotici di riserva, destano particolare preoccupazione perché riducono o eliminano un numero già limitato di opzioni terapeutiche. Poiché lo sviluppo di nuovi antibiotici e di nuove classi di farmaci è costoso e richiede molto tempo, sono necessarie strategie terapeutiche alternative. Una di queste strategie è la CRISPR interference (CRISPRi), che offre un approccio sequenza-specifico per silenziare i geni di resistenza e ripristinare così la sensibilità batterica agli antibiotici. L’obiettivo di questa tesi era caratterizzare una piattaforma ingegnerizzata basata sul batteriofago M13 per il veicolamento di un sistema CRISPRi volto a risensibilizzare ceppi di Escherichia coli resistenti agli antimicrobici. Fagemidi contenenti cassette CRISPRi con uno o due spacer, mirate a blaNDM-1, mcr-1 o entrambi i geni contemporaneamente sono stati inseriti in batteriofagi M13 e utilizzati per trasdurre ceppi di E. coli F’-positivi resistenti al meropenem o alla colistina. La specificità del sistema è stata confermata da un controllo non specifico, che ha dimostrato che il ritardo di crescita era dovuto alla repressione specifica della sequenza piuttosto che al carico metabolico del fagemide. I test di ritardo di crescita con diverse concentrazioni di meropenem e colistina hanno mostrato che i ceppi trasdotti con CRISPRi sono stati risensibilizzati a entrambi gli antibiotici, con i costrutti a spacer singolo che hanno dato risultati migliori rispetto al costrutto a doppia guida. Quando il sistema è stato applicato a un panel di 27 isolati clinici di E. coli resistenti al meropenem, dieci sono stati transdotti e due di questi hanno mostrato una riduzione di due volte della MIC del meropenem. Ciò ha fornito una prima, sebbene limitata, prova di principio che il sistema può funzionare al di là dei ceppi di laboratorio. I titoli delle particelle fagiche sono stati quantificati utilizzando un sistema basato sulla digital droplet PCR (ddPCR) e sulla real-time quantitative PCR (qPCR), e hanno mostrato una variazione di circa 1000 volte tra le diverse produzioni di fagi. Sono stati condotti esperimenti di co-trasduzione per verificare la possibilità di introdurre due diversi fagemidi in una singola cellula, ma non sono state ottenute colonie, lasciando irrisolta la fattibilità di questo approccio. Nel complesso, questa tesi dimostra che la CRISPRi veicolato da fagemidi è in grado di risensibilizzare parzialmente e in modo specifico E. coli resistenti agli antibiotici di ultima linea senza tagliare il DNA bersaglio e dimostra che questo principio può funzionare su isolati clinici. Questi risultati costituiscono una base per l’ulteriore ottimizzazione delle piattaforme di veicolazione basate sui fagi mirate ai geni di resistenza agli antibiotici clinicamente rilevanti e rappresentano uno strumento innovativo e promettente per affrontare il problema emergente della resistenza agli antimicrobici.
Characterization of an engineered phage platform to re-sensitize AMR bacteria via CRISPR interference
BACHER, ALINA
2025/2026
Abstract
The global spread of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) has become a major threat to global health. Genes such as blaNDM-1 and mcr-1, which confer resistance to last-resort antibiotics, are of particular concern because they reduce or eliminate an already limited number of treatment options. Since the development of new antibiotics and novel drug classes is expensive and time-consuming, alternative therapeutic strategies are needed. One such strategy is CRISPR interference (CRISPRi), which offers a sequence-specific approach to silencing resistance genes and thus restoring bacterial susceptibility to antibiotics. The aim of this thesis was to characterize an engineered M13 bacteriophage platform for the delivery of a CRISPRi machinery to resensitize AMR Escherichia coli strains. Phagemids carrying single or double-spacer CRISPRi cassettes that target blaNDM-1, mcr-1, or both genes simultaneously were packaged into M13 bacteriophages and used to transduce F’-positive E. coli strains that are resistant to meropenem or colistin. The specificity of the system was confirmed by an unspecific control, which showed that the growth delay was due to sequence-specific repression rather than the phagemid metabolic burden. Growth-delay assays with different meropenem and colistin concentrations showed that the CRISPRi-transduced strains were re-sensitized to both antibiotics, with the single-spacer constructs performing better than the double-guide construct. When it was applied to a panel of 27 meropenem-resistant clinical E. coli isolates, ten could be transduced, and two of these showed a two-fold reduction in meropenem MIC. This provided a first, albeit limited, proof of principle that the system can work beyond laboratory strains. Phage particle titers were quantified using a digital droplet PCR (ddPCR) and a real-time quantitative PCR (qPCR)-based system, and showed about 1000-fold variation across different phage productions. Co-transduction experiments were performed to test the possibility of delivering two different phagemids into a single cell, but no colonies were obtained, leaving the feasibility of this approach unresolved. Overall, this thesis demonstrates that phagemid-delivered CRISPRi can partially and specifically re-sensitize resistant E. coli to last-resort antibiotics without cleaving the target DNA and provides a demonstration that this principle can work in clinical isolates. These findings provide a foundation for further optimization of phage-based delivery platforms targeting clinically relevant antibiotic resistance genes and represent an innovative and promising tool to address the emerging issue of antimicrobial resistance.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/115970