Background. At preparticipation screening for competitive sports eligibility, a substantial proportion of young, apparently healthy subjects show isolated or complex ventricular arrhythmias (VA) during exercise testing (ET). Second-line diagnostic investigations (echocardiography, cycle ergometer ET, 24-hour Holter monitoring including a training session) are frequently negative, yet the clinical suspicion remains that such arrhythmias may be sustained by focal myocardial inflammation that these tests cannot detect. In athletes with exercise-induced VA, high-sensitivity cardiac troponin (hs-cTn) might act as a marker of subclinical myocardial injury of inflammatory origin, and might help select the subjects to be referred for contrast-enhanced cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR). Aim of the study. The study set out to assess whether, in athletes with exercise-induced ventricular ectopy, the combination of high-sensitivity cardiac troponin (hs-cTn) and systemic inflammatory markers could identify a subgroup more likely to have myocardial involvement, and guide referral for cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR). The primary endpoint was the comparison of hs-cTn, C-reactive protein (CRP) and erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) between athletes whose arrhythmia proved reproducible at second-line investigations and those in whom it did not. Secondary aims were to compare the same markers according to arrhythmia complexity at first-line testing (isolated versus complex forms), and to describe the relationship between these markers and any underlying heart disease identified at second- and third-line investigations. Materials and methods. This was a single-centre, prospective observational pilot study conducted at the Sports Medicine Unit of AULSS 2 Marca Trevigiana, between September 2025 and August 2026, in 38 apparently healthy athletes with premature ventricular beats (PVBs) detected at first-line exercise testing. Athletes with PVBs underwent second-line diagnostic investigations (echocardiography, 24-hour Holter monitoring including a training session, and a single blood sample for high-sensitivity cardiac troponin, CRP, ESR and serum electrolytes), with blood sampling always preceding the assessment of arrhythmia reproducibility. Reproducibility was defined as the occurrence of complex forms (couplets, triplets or non-sustained ventricular tachycardia) at second-line testing, irrespective of PVB morphology. Advanced imaging with contrast-enhanced cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) was performed in athletes with reproducible arrhythmia and, on clinical judgement, in those whose findings suggested a non-negligible likelihood of underlying structural heart disease. Troponin was measured as hs-cTnT in 20 athletes (Roche Elecsys, cut-off 14 ng/L) and as hs-cTnI, with heterogeneous assays and laboratories, in the remaining 18. Troponin levels, analysed separately for each isoform, and systemic inflammatory markers (CRP, ESR) were related to arrhythmia reproducibility and complexity using non-parametric tests (Wilcoxon–Mann–Whitney test, Fisher's exact test) and, for ESR, Firth's penalised logistic regression. The distribution of eligibility outcomes for competitive sport was also described.
Background. Nell'ambito dello screening medico-sportivo per l'idoneità agonistica, una quota rilevante di soggetti giovani e apparentemente sani presenta aritmie ventricolari isolate o complesse durante il test da sforzo. In numerosi casi, gli accertamenti di secondo livello (ecocardiogramma, test da sforzo al cicloergometro, monitoraggio Holter ECG delle 24 ore con seduta di allenamento) risultano negativi, pur permanendo il sospetto clinico che tali disturbi del ritmo possano essere sostenuti da piccoli foci infiammatori miocardici non altrimenti rilevabili. Il dosaggio della troponina ad alta sensibilità (hs-cTn) nei soggetti con aritmie ventricolari al test da sforzo potrebbe rappresentare un indicatore di danno miocardico subclinico riconducibile ad attività infiammatoria occulta, utile a orientare la selezione dei soggetti da sottoporre ad approfondimenti di imaging avanzato, in particolar modo a risonanza magnetica cardiaca con mezzo di contrasto. Scopo dello studio. Il presente lavoro si propone di verificare se, nei soggetti con ectopia ventricolare da sforzo, la combinazione di troponina ad alta sensibilità e marker di infiammazione sistemica possa identificare un sottogruppo a maggiore probabilità di coinvolgimento miocardico e orientare l'indicazione alla risonanza magnetica cardiaca. L'endpoint primario di questo studio è il confronto dei valori di troponina ad alta sensibilità, proteina C reattiva e velocità di eritrosedimentazione fra i soggetti nei quali l'aritmia è risultata riproducibile agli esami di secondo livello e quelli nei quali non lo è risultata. Obiettivi secondari sono il confronto dei medesimi marcatori in rapporto alla complessità dell'aritmia rilevata al primo livello, isolata contro complessa, e la descrizione della relazione fra i marcatori e l'eventuale riscontro di una cardiopatia sottostante nel corso degli approfondimenti di secondo e terzo livello. Materiali e metodi. È stato condotto uno studio pilota, osservazionale, prospettico e monocentrico, presso l'UOC di Medicina dello Sport dell'Ospedale di Treviso (1° settembre 2025-31 agosto 2026), su 38 soggetti apparentemente sani con riscontro di battiti ectopici ventricolari (BEV) alla prova da sforzo di primo livello. Nei soggetti con BEV è stato attivato un approfondimento di secondo livello (ecocardiogramma, Holter delle 24 ore con seduta di allenamento, prelievo ematico unico per troponina ad alta sensibilità, PCR, VES e ionemia), con prelievo sempre precedente alla valutazione della riproducibilità dell'aritmia. Quest'ultima è stata definita dalla comparsa di forme complesse (coppie, triplette o tachicardie ventricolari non sostenute), indipendentemente dalla morfologia; sono stati avviati al terzo livello, la risonanza magnetica cardiaca con mezzo di contrasto, i soggetti con aritmia riproducibile e, su giudizio clinico, quelli nei quali altri elementi rendevano non trascurabile la probabilità di una cardiopatia strutturale. La troponina è stata dosata come hs-cTnT in 20 soggetti (Roche Elecsys, cut-off 14 ng/L) e come hs-cTnI, con assay e laboratori eterogenei, nei restanti 18. I suoi livelli, analizzati separatamente per ciascuna isoforma, e gli indici di flogosi sistemica (PCR, VES) sono stati messi in relazione con la riproducibilità e la complessità dell'aritmia, mediante test non parametrici (Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney, test esatto di Fisher) e, per la VES, regressione logistica penalizzata secondo il metodo di Firth. È stata inoltre descritta la distribuzione degli esiti di idoneità alla pratica agonistica.
Aritmie ventricolari nello screening cardiovascolare dell’atleta: ruolo dei biomarcatori infiammatori e di danno miocardico nell’inquadramento diagnostico
MAGLIOCCA, ANTONIO
2025/2026
Abstract
Background. At preparticipation screening for competitive sports eligibility, a substantial proportion of young, apparently healthy subjects show isolated or complex ventricular arrhythmias (VA) during exercise testing (ET). Second-line diagnostic investigations (echocardiography, cycle ergometer ET, 24-hour Holter monitoring including a training session) are frequently negative, yet the clinical suspicion remains that such arrhythmias may be sustained by focal myocardial inflammation that these tests cannot detect. In athletes with exercise-induced VA, high-sensitivity cardiac troponin (hs-cTn) might act as a marker of subclinical myocardial injury of inflammatory origin, and might help select the subjects to be referred for contrast-enhanced cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR). Aim of the study. The study set out to assess whether, in athletes with exercise-induced ventricular ectopy, the combination of high-sensitivity cardiac troponin (hs-cTn) and systemic inflammatory markers could identify a subgroup more likely to have myocardial involvement, and guide referral for cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR). The primary endpoint was the comparison of hs-cTn, C-reactive protein (CRP) and erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) between athletes whose arrhythmia proved reproducible at second-line investigations and those in whom it did not. Secondary aims were to compare the same markers according to arrhythmia complexity at first-line testing (isolated versus complex forms), and to describe the relationship between these markers and any underlying heart disease identified at second- and third-line investigations. Materials and methods. This was a single-centre, prospective observational pilot study conducted at the Sports Medicine Unit of AULSS 2 Marca Trevigiana, between September 2025 and August 2026, in 38 apparently healthy athletes with premature ventricular beats (PVBs) detected at first-line exercise testing. Athletes with PVBs underwent second-line diagnostic investigations (echocardiography, 24-hour Holter monitoring including a training session, and a single blood sample for high-sensitivity cardiac troponin, CRP, ESR and serum electrolytes), with blood sampling always preceding the assessment of arrhythmia reproducibility. Reproducibility was defined as the occurrence of complex forms (couplets, triplets or non-sustained ventricular tachycardia) at second-line testing, irrespective of PVB morphology. Advanced imaging with contrast-enhanced cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) was performed in athletes with reproducible arrhythmia and, on clinical judgement, in those whose findings suggested a non-negligible likelihood of underlying structural heart disease. Troponin was measured as hs-cTnT in 20 athletes (Roche Elecsys, cut-off 14 ng/L) and as hs-cTnI, with heterogeneous assays and laboratories, in the remaining 18. Troponin levels, analysed separately for each isoform, and systemic inflammatory markers (CRP, ESR) were related to arrhythmia reproducibility and complexity using non-parametric tests (Wilcoxon–Mann–Whitney test, Fisher's exact test) and, for ESR, Firth's penalised logistic regression. The distribution of eligibility outcomes for competitive sport was also described.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/116064