Background: Neurogenic orthostatic hypotension (nOH) may be associated with daytime symptoms, supine/nocturnal hypertension (SH/NH), syncope, and falls. Management is challenging because of potentially conflicting treatment needs. Objectives: To describe changes in supine and standing blood pressure, the 24-hour blood pressure profile, and treatments for nOH, SH/NH, and chronic hypertension, considering comorbidities and symptoms. To investigate baseline clinical and blood pressure characteristics associated with subsequent treatment intensification. Materials and methods: A single-centre observational cohort study included adults with nOH consecutively enrolled at the Hypertension Outpatient Clinic of Ca’ Foncello Hospital in Treviso, Italy. Data were collected retrospectively and updated prospectively until July 31, 2026. The first available assessment (T0) and last visit (T1) were compared, considering pharmacological treatment, supine and one-minute standing blood pressure, the postural blood pressure drop, and 24-hour ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM) parameters, including dipping and circadian patterns. Results: The study included 125 patients, with a mean age of 77.7±8.2 years; 64.8% were men, and mean follow-up was 1.6±1.5 years. At baseline, 69.6% had hypertension, 38.4% diabetes mellitus, and 56.0% a history of cardiovascular disease. Neurological comorbidities affected 68.0%, predominantly Parkinson’s disease/parkinsonism (45.6% of the cohort). nOH was primary in 64.0% of cases. Overall, 76.8% were symptomatic, and 67.2% had previous syncope and/or falls. During follow-up, alpha-blocker and thiazide diuretic use decreased selectively, from 20.0% to 6.4% (p<0.001) and from 13.6% to 4.8% (p=0.007), respectively. Concurrently, the proportion treated for nOH increased from 15.2% to 44.8%, with greater use of midodrine (from 13.6% to 39.2%; p<0.001) and droxidopa (from 0.8% to 20.8%; p<0.001). The proportion treated for SH/NH increased from 9.6% to 37.6%, mainly through greater nitrate use (from 5.6% to 31.2%; p<0.001). Those treated for both conditions increased from 3.2% to 19.2% (p<0.001). In longitudinal comparisons, supine systolic blood pressure (SBP) decreased from 140.4±24.8 to 127.9±25.1 mmHg, and the orthostatic SBP drop from 34.3±22.5 to 14.8±17.9 mmHg (both p<0.001). On ABPM, nighttime SBP decreased from 135.3±21.7 to 129.7±19.1 mmHg (p=0.011), whereas daytime SBP increased from 127.8±15.6 to 131.4±19.4 mmHg (p=0.045). Systolic dipping changed from −6.5±14.9% to −0.3±15.8% (p<0.001), without significant changes in mean 24-hour blood pressure. Compared with patients without treatment intensification, those undergoing intensification for nOH more frequently had primary nOH (76.1% vs 57.0%; p=0.032), symptoms (87.0% vs 70.9%; p=0.040), and previous syncope and/or falls (78.3% vs 60.8%; p=0.044), alongside a lower prevalence of hypertension (43.5% vs 84.8%; p<0.001) and cardiovascular disease (34.8% vs 68.4%; p<0.001), and lower daytime SBP (p=0.029). Intensification for SH/NH was associated with older age (p=0.024), primary nOH (p=0.003), and neurological comorbidities (p=0.005). These patients also had higher nighttime SBP (148.8±19.2 vs 129.1±21.3 mmHg) and more negative systolic dipping values (−14.0±10.7% vs −2.3±15.5%; both p<0.001), without significant differences in supine or standing blood pressure measured in the clinic. Conclusions: During follow-up, treatment adjustments were accompanied by reductions in supine and nighttime blood pressure and the orthostatic blood pressure drop, without a significant increase in standing SBP. These findings support the complementary value of clinical assessment and ABPM in the individualized management of nOH and concomitant SH/NH.
Introduzione: L’ipotensione ortostatica disautonomica (nOH) può associarsi a sintomi diurni, ipertensione supina/notturna (HN), sincopi e cadute. La gestione è complessa per le esigenze terapeutiche potenzialmente contrastanti. Scopo dello studio: Descrivere le modificazioni della pressione clino-ortostatica, del profilo pressorio delle 24 ore e dei trattamenti per nOH, HN e ipertensione cronica, considerando comorbidità e sintomi. Analizzare le caratteristiche cliniche e pressorie basali associate alla successiva intensificazione terapeutica. Materiali e metodi: Studio osservazionale monocentrico di coorte su adulti con nOH, inclusi consecutivamente presso l’Ambulatorio dell’Ipertensione dell’Ospedale Ca’ Foncello di Treviso. I dati sono stati raccolti retrospettivamente e aggiornati prospetticamente fino al 31 luglio 2026. Sono state confrontate la prima valutazione disponibile (T0) e l’ultima visita (T1), considerando terapia farmacologica, pressione supina e a un minuto di ortostatismo, calo posturale e parametri del monitoraggio pressorio ambulatoriale delle 24 ore (ABPM), inclusi dipping e pattern circadiani. Risultati: Sono stati inclusi 125 pazienti, di età media 77.7±8.2 anni, per il 64.8% uomini, con follow-up medio di 1.6±1.5 anni. Al baseline, il 69.6% presentava ipertensione arteriosa, il 38.4% diabete mellito e il 56.0% una storia di malattia cardiovascolare. Le comorbidità neurologiche interessavano il 68.0%, prevalentemente Parkinson/parkinsonismo (45.6% della coorte). La nOH era primitiva nel 64.0% dei casi. Il 76.8% era sintomatico e il 67.2% aveva pregresse sincopi e/o cadute. Durante il follow-up, si è ridotto selettivamente l’impiego di alfa-bloccanti (dal 20.0% al 6.4%; p<0.001) e tiazidici (dal 13.6% al 4.8%; p=0.007). Parallelamente, i pazienti trattati per nOH sono aumentati dal 15.2% al 44.8%, con maggiore utilizzo di midodrina (dal 13.6% al 39.2%; p<0.001) e droxidopa (dallo 0.8% al 20.8%; p<0.001). I pazienti trattati per HN sono aumentati dal 9.6% al 37.6%, principalmente attraverso un maggiore impiego di nitrati (dal 5.6% al 31.2%; p<0.001). Quelli trattati per entrambe le condizioni sono aumentati dal 3.2% al 19.2% (p<0.001). Nei confronti longitudinali, la pressione arteriosa sistolica (PAS) clinostatica è diminuita da 140.4±24.8 a 127.9±25.1 mmHg e il calo sistolico clino-ortostatico da 34.3±22.5 a 14.8±17.9 mmHg (entrambi p<0.001). All’ABPM, la PAS notturna è diminuita da 135.3±21.7 a 129.7±19.1 mmHg (p=0.011), mentre quella diurna è aumentata da 127.8±15.6 a 131.4±19.4 mmHg (p=0.045). Il dipping sistolico è passato da −6.5±14.9% a −0.3±15.8% (p<0.001), senza variazioni significative dei valori pressori medi delle 24 ore. Rispetto ai non intensificati, i pazienti con intensificazione terapeutica per nOH presentavano più frequentemente forme primitive (76.1% vs 57.0%; p=0.032), sintomi (87.0% vs 70.9%; p=0.040) e pregresse sincopi e/o cadute (78.3% vs 60.8%; p=0.044), minore prevalenza di ipertensione (43.5% vs 84.8%; p<0.001) e malattia cardiovascolare (34.8% vs 68.4%; p<0.001) e PAS diurna inferiore (p=0.029). L’intensificazione per HN era associata a età maggiore (p=0.024), forme primitive (p=0.003) e comorbidità neurologiche (p=0.005). I pazienti intensificati presentavano inoltre PAS notturna più elevata (148.8±19.2 vs 129.1±21.3 mmHg) e dipping sistolico maggiormente alterato (−14.0±10.7% vs −2.3±15.5%; entrambi p<0.001), senza differenze significative nei valori pressori clino-ortostatici ambulatoriali. Conclusioni: Durante il follow-up, la rimodulazione terapeutica si è accompagnata a una riduzione della pressione clinostatica e notturna e del calo clino-ortostatico, senza un incremento significativo della PAS ortostatica. I risultati sostengono il valore complementare della valutazione clinica e dell’ABPM nella gestione personalizzata della nOH e della concomitante HN.
Ipotensione ortostatica disautonomica: strategie terapeutiche e outcome clinici
VANZO, FRANCESCO
2025/2026
Abstract
Background: Neurogenic orthostatic hypotension (nOH) may be associated with daytime symptoms, supine/nocturnal hypertension (SH/NH), syncope, and falls. Management is challenging because of potentially conflicting treatment needs. Objectives: To describe changes in supine and standing blood pressure, the 24-hour blood pressure profile, and treatments for nOH, SH/NH, and chronic hypertension, considering comorbidities and symptoms. To investigate baseline clinical and blood pressure characteristics associated with subsequent treatment intensification. Materials and methods: A single-centre observational cohort study included adults with nOH consecutively enrolled at the Hypertension Outpatient Clinic of Ca’ Foncello Hospital in Treviso, Italy. Data were collected retrospectively and updated prospectively until July 31, 2026. The first available assessment (T0) and last visit (T1) were compared, considering pharmacological treatment, supine and one-minute standing blood pressure, the postural blood pressure drop, and 24-hour ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM) parameters, including dipping and circadian patterns. Results: The study included 125 patients, with a mean age of 77.7±8.2 years; 64.8% were men, and mean follow-up was 1.6±1.5 years. At baseline, 69.6% had hypertension, 38.4% diabetes mellitus, and 56.0% a history of cardiovascular disease. Neurological comorbidities affected 68.0%, predominantly Parkinson’s disease/parkinsonism (45.6% of the cohort). nOH was primary in 64.0% of cases. Overall, 76.8% were symptomatic, and 67.2% had previous syncope and/or falls. During follow-up, alpha-blocker and thiazide diuretic use decreased selectively, from 20.0% to 6.4% (p<0.001) and from 13.6% to 4.8% (p=0.007), respectively. Concurrently, the proportion treated for nOH increased from 15.2% to 44.8%, with greater use of midodrine (from 13.6% to 39.2%; p<0.001) and droxidopa (from 0.8% to 20.8%; p<0.001). The proportion treated for SH/NH increased from 9.6% to 37.6%, mainly through greater nitrate use (from 5.6% to 31.2%; p<0.001). Those treated for both conditions increased from 3.2% to 19.2% (p<0.001). In longitudinal comparisons, supine systolic blood pressure (SBP) decreased from 140.4±24.8 to 127.9±25.1 mmHg, and the orthostatic SBP drop from 34.3±22.5 to 14.8±17.9 mmHg (both p<0.001). On ABPM, nighttime SBP decreased from 135.3±21.7 to 129.7±19.1 mmHg (p=0.011), whereas daytime SBP increased from 127.8±15.6 to 131.4±19.4 mmHg (p=0.045). Systolic dipping changed from −6.5±14.9% to −0.3±15.8% (p<0.001), without significant changes in mean 24-hour blood pressure. Compared with patients without treatment intensification, those undergoing intensification for nOH more frequently had primary nOH (76.1% vs 57.0%; p=0.032), symptoms (87.0% vs 70.9%; p=0.040), and previous syncope and/or falls (78.3% vs 60.8%; p=0.044), alongside a lower prevalence of hypertension (43.5% vs 84.8%; p<0.001) and cardiovascular disease (34.8% vs 68.4%; p<0.001), and lower daytime SBP (p=0.029). Intensification for SH/NH was associated with older age (p=0.024), primary nOH (p=0.003), and neurological comorbidities (p=0.005). These patients also had higher nighttime SBP (148.8±19.2 vs 129.1±21.3 mmHg) and more negative systolic dipping values (−14.0±10.7% vs −2.3±15.5%; both p<0.001), without significant differences in supine or standing blood pressure measured in the clinic. Conclusions: During follow-up, treatment adjustments were accompanied by reductions in supine and nighttime blood pressure and the orthostatic blood pressure drop, without a significant increase in standing SBP. These findings support the complementary value of clinical assessment and ABPM in the individualized management of nOH and concomitant SH/NH.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/116066