Study background: Entheses are the insertion sites of tendons, ligaments and joint capsules into the bone; their modifications, defined as “entheseal changes”, are of interest to a wide variety of disciplines. In particular, fibrocartilaginous entheses are studied at the osteological level in an attempt to understand the occupational activity and lifestyle of individuals, as well as to estimate age at death. Study aim: This study aimed to investigate the value of macroscopic bone analysis through anthropological observational methods to identify the changes that occur in bone tissue when subjected to biomechanical stress. The study assessed the distribution of the alterations in relation to sex, anatomical district and laterality and sought to reconstruct the health status and physical activity patterns of the population examined. Materials and methods: Overall, 133 entheses were studied, belonging to 11 skeletons and 3 groups of commingled skeletal remains from a complex of early medieval tombs in the cemetery area of the Pieve di Santa Giustina, located on the summit of the Rocca di Monselice (PD). For the analysis and staging of musculoskeletal stress, it was decided to adopt the New Coimbra Method and to compare it with an unprecedented methodological adaptation of the Mariotti Method in order to include in the study only fibrocartilaginous entheses. This approach led to the recruitment of a total of 13 postcranial entheses. Results: The female component of the sample more frequently showed bilateral wear of the shoulder and elbow joints, whereas male individuals presented a more extensive involvement of the entheses, although sexual dimorphism in the sample ultimately did not prove to be statistically significant. In both sexes, the most marked alterations were found in the lower portions of the body and their symmetrical distribution testifies to the balanced use of the lower limbs. In general, osteophytic formations were the prevalent type, although at the level of the upper limbs a high concentration of alterations of an osteolytic nature was noted, due to a stress mechanism different from that affecting the rest of the body. Both observational methods also demonstrated the absence of marked asymmetry between the right and left side. Conclusions: The observational methods demonstrated a high degree of agreement and led to the same conclusions. For future studies on this sample, the use of instrumental investigation techniques, as well as DNA analysis, could prove highly insightful. Furthermore, the combined approach of the two observational protocols would have the potential to be applied to larger populations to increase the probability of obtaining statistically significant results. Osteology is confirmed as a key discipline for directly observing and interpreting the bone response to musculoskeletal stress. Future research aims to clarify the boundary between adaptation and pathology, in order to delineate the etiology and pathogenesis of these alterations with greater certainty.
Presupposti dello studio: Le entesi sono i punti di inserzione di tendini, legamenti e capsule articolari all’osso; i loro cambiamenti, definiti come “alterazioni entesiche”, sono oggetto di interesse di una grande varietà di discipline. In particolare, le entesi fibrocartilaginee vengono studiate a livello osteologico per tentare di comprendere l’attività occupazionale e lo stile di vita condotto dagli individui, nonché per stimare l’età alla morte. Scopo dello studio: Si è voluto indagare il valore dell’analisi macroscopica delle ossa attraverso dei metodi osservazionali antropologici per identificare i cambiamenti che si verificano a livello del tessuto osseo quando sottoposto a stress biomeccanico. Lo studio ha valutato la distribuzione delle alterazioni in relazione al sesso, al distretto anatomico e alla lateralità e ha cercato di ricostruire lo stato di salute e i pattern di attività fisica della popolazione esaminata. Materiali e metodi: Nel complesso sono state studiate 133 entesi appartenenti a 11 scheletri e 3 gruppi di resti scheletrici commisti provenienti da un complesso di tombe di epoca altomedievale nell’area cimiteriale della Pieve di Santa Giustina, situata sulla sommità della Rocca di Monselice (PD). Per l’analisi e stadiazione dello stress muscoloscheletrico si è scelto di adottare il Nuovo Metodo Coimbra e di affiancarlo con un adattamento metodologico inedito del Metodo Mariotti per includere nello studio solo entesi di tipo fibrocartilagineo. Tale approccio ha portato al reclutamento di un totale di 13 entesi postcraniali. Risultati: Negli individui di sesso femminile è stata osservata più frequentemente un’alterazione bilaterale dell’articolazione della spalla e del gomito, mentre gli individui di sesso maschile presentavano un coinvolgimento più esteso delle entesi, sebbene le differenze osservate tra i sessi non siano risultate statisticamente significative. In entrambi i sessi le alterazioni più marcate sono state riscontrate nelle porzioni inferiori del corpo e la loro distribuzione simmetrica testimonia l’utilizzo bilanciato degli arti inferiori. In generale le formazioni osteofitiche sono state la tipologia prevalente, anche se a livello degli arti superiori è stata notata un’alta concentrazione di alterazioni in senso osteolitico, dovuta a un meccanismo di stress diverso rispetto a quello che colpiva il resto del corpo. Entrambi i metodi osservazionali hanno inoltre dimostrato l’assenza di una marcata asimmetria tra il lato destro e il lato sinistro. Conclusioni: I metodi osservazionali scelti hanno dimostrato un ottimo grado di accordo e hanno permesso di giungere alle medesime conclusioni. Per studi futuri sul campione potrebbe rivelarsi interessante l’utilizzo di metodiche di indagine strumentale, nonché lo svolgimento di analisi del DNA. Inoltre, l’impiego combinato dei due protocolli di osservazione avrebbe il potenziale di essere applicato a popolazioni più numerose per aumentare la probabilità di ottenere risultati statisticamente significativi. L’osteologia si conferma una disciplina chiave per poter osservare in modo diretto e interpretare la risposta delle ossa allo stress muscoloscheletrico. La ricerca futura è proiettata a chiarire il confine tra adattamento e patologia, per delineare con più certezza l’eziologia e la patogenesi di tali alterazioni.
Alterazioni entesiche: analisi antropologica e rilevanza clinica dalle sepolture medievali alla medicina contemporanea
VIANELLO, MATILDE
2025/2026
Abstract
Study background: Entheses are the insertion sites of tendons, ligaments and joint capsules into the bone; their modifications, defined as “entheseal changes”, are of interest to a wide variety of disciplines. In particular, fibrocartilaginous entheses are studied at the osteological level in an attempt to understand the occupational activity and lifestyle of individuals, as well as to estimate age at death. Study aim: This study aimed to investigate the value of macroscopic bone analysis through anthropological observational methods to identify the changes that occur in bone tissue when subjected to biomechanical stress. The study assessed the distribution of the alterations in relation to sex, anatomical district and laterality and sought to reconstruct the health status and physical activity patterns of the population examined. Materials and methods: Overall, 133 entheses were studied, belonging to 11 skeletons and 3 groups of commingled skeletal remains from a complex of early medieval tombs in the cemetery area of the Pieve di Santa Giustina, located on the summit of the Rocca di Monselice (PD). For the analysis and staging of musculoskeletal stress, it was decided to adopt the New Coimbra Method and to compare it with an unprecedented methodological adaptation of the Mariotti Method in order to include in the study only fibrocartilaginous entheses. This approach led to the recruitment of a total of 13 postcranial entheses. Results: The female component of the sample more frequently showed bilateral wear of the shoulder and elbow joints, whereas male individuals presented a more extensive involvement of the entheses, although sexual dimorphism in the sample ultimately did not prove to be statistically significant. In both sexes, the most marked alterations were found in the lower portions of the body and their symmetrical distribution testifies to the balanced use of the lower limbs. In general, osteophytic formations were the prevalent type, although at the level of the upper limbs a high concentration of alterations of an osteolytic nature was noted, due to a stress mechanism different from that affecting the rest of the body. Both observational methods also demonstrated the absence of marked asymmetry between the right and left side. Conclusions: The observational methods demonstrated a high degree of agreement and led to the same conclusions. For future studies on this sample, the use of instrumental investigation techniques, as well as DNA analysis, could prove highly insightful. Furthermore, the combined approach of the two observational protocols would have the potential to be applied to larger populations to increase the probability of obtaining statistically significant results. Osteology is confirmed as a key discipline for directly observing and interpreting the bone response to musculoskeletal stress. Future research aims to clarify the boundary between adaptation and pathology, in order to delineate the etiology and pathogenesis of these alterations with greater certainty.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/116074