Background. Persistently elevated factor VIII (FVIII) is an independent, dose-dependent risk factor for venous thromboembolism (VTE). Thrombophilic mutations of F8 gene remain poorly characterised: in 2021, Simioni et al. described a 23,420 bp partial duplication of the gene ("F8 Padua") associated with markedly elevated FVIII and a thrombophilic phenotype, while in 2025, Wischmeyer et al. described a gain-of-function missense mutation of the same gene (F8 Aurora), associated with a 3-9 fold increase in catalytic activity. Aims. To characterise, clinically, biochemically, and genetically, a new family (Family S) carrying the F8 Padua duplication, assess its segregation across three generations and the genotype-phenotype correlation, and place the case within the existing literature, including a comparison with the missense F8 Aurora variant. Methods. An observational family study across three generations (9 subjects), prompted by a proband with recurrent, idiopathic deep vein thrombosis. The duplication was screened for by MLPA and confirmed by breakpoint-junction PCR; FVIII:C/Ag, the conventional thrombophilia panel, von Willebrand factor, rotational thromboelastometry (ROTEM) and platelet aggregometry were assessed, alongside a literature review and exploratory statistical analyses (correlations, non-parametric tests, Kaplan-Meier curves). Results. The proband was found to carry the F8 Padua duplication; segregation analysis identified the same alteration in five further relatives (6 carriers out of 9 subjects), with a pattern consistent with X-linked, dominant-effect inheritance — both hemizygous males and heterozygous females showed markedly elevated FVIII:C (183–498%) against a normal thrombophilia panel and normal von Willebrand factor. Four of the six carriers with available data had a VTE history (onset 17–59 years), versus none of the three non-carriers; the Kaplan-Meier curve shows an event-free proportion among carriers falling below 60% by age 31. No robust correlation emerged between FVIII levels and age at onset or clinical severity, consistent with incomplete, age-dependent penetrance. Family S is the third independently reported family worldwide carrying this duplication, with a geographic origin compatible with a founder effect. Conclusions. This study confirms, in a new pedigree, the characteristic biochemical signature of F8 Padua and the already-known clinical phenotype of incomplete, age-dependent thrombophilia, offering a replicable diagnostic pathway (MLPA plus confirmatory PCR) for a likely underdiagnosed condition. Heterozygous carriers are not clinically silent, with practical implications for family genetic counselling and carrier management — within the intrinsic limits of inference drawn from a single family of this size.
Introduzione. L'aumento persistente del fattore VIII (FVIII) è un fattore di rischio indipendente e dose-dipendente per il tromboembolismo venoso (TEV). Le mutazioni trombofiliche del gene F8 restano scarsamente caratterizzate: nel 2021 Simioni et al. ha descritto una duplicazione di 23.420 bp del gene («F8 Padova») associata a FVIII marcatamente elevato e a un fenotipo trombofilico, mentre nel 2025 Wischmeyer et al. ha descritto una mutazione missenso gain-of-function dello stesso gene (F8 Aurora), associato ad un’attività catalitica di 3-9 volte la norma. Obiettivi. Caratterizzare dal punto di vista clinico, biochimico e genetico una nuova famiglia (Famiglia S) portatrice della duplicazione F8 Padova, valutandone la segregazione su tre generazioni e la correlazione genotipo-fenotipo, contestualizzando il caso in letteratura, incluso il confronto con la variante F8 Aurora. Metodi. Studio familiare su tre generazioni (9 soggetti), a partire da una probanda con trombosi venosa profonda recidivante e idiopatica. La duplicazione è stata ricercata mediante MLPA e confermata con PCR sulla giunzione di duplicazione; sono stati valutati FVIII:C/Ag, pannello trombofilico convenzionale, vWF, tromboelastometria rotazionale (ROTEM) e aggregometria piastrinica, oltre a una revisione della letteratura e ad analisi statistiche esplorative (correlazioni, test non parametrici, curve di Kaplan-Meier). Risultati. La probanda è risultata portatrice della duplicazione F8 Padova; l'analisi di segregazione ha individuato la stessa alterazione in altri cinque familiari (6 portatori su 9 soggetti), con un pattern coerente con eredità X-linked a effetto dominante — sia i maschi emizigoti sia le femmine eterozigoti mostrano FVIII:C marcatamente elevato (183–498%) a fronte di un pannello trombofilico e di vWF nella norma. Quattro dei sei portatori con dati disponibili hanno una storia di TEV (esordio 17–59 anni), contro nessuno dei tre non portatori; la curva di Kaplan-Meier mostra una proporzione libera da eventi nei portatori sotto il 60% già a 31 anni. Non è emersa alcuna correlazione robusta tra FVIII ed età di esordio o severità clinica, a conferma di una penetranza incompleta ed età-dipendente. La Famiglia S è la terza famiglia indipendente al mondo con questa duplicazione, con un'origine geografica compatibile con un effetto fondatore. Conclusioni. Lo studio conferma, in un nuovo pedigree, il pattern biochimico caratteristico del F8 Padova e il fenotipo di trombofilia a penetranza incompleta ed età-dipendente già noto, offrendo un percorso diagnostico replicabile (MLPA seguita da PCR di conferma) per una condizione verosimilmente sottodiagnosticata. Le portatrici eterozigoti non sono clinicamente silenti, con ricadute pratiche sul counseling genetico familiare e sulla gestione clinica dei portatori — pur nei limiti intrinseci di un'inferenza tratta da una singola famiglia di queste dimensioni.
Caratterizzazione clinica e genetica di una nuova famiglia portatrice della duplicazione Factor VIII Padua (F8): descrizione di un caso familiare e revisione della letteratura
COSTANZO, MARCO
2025/2026
Abstract
Background. Persistently elevated factor VIII (FVIII) is an independent, dose-dependent risk factor for venous thromboembolism (VTE). Thrombophilic mutations of F8 gene remain poorly characterised: in 2021, Simioni et al. described a 23,420 bp partial duplication of the gene ("F8 Padua") associated with markedly elevated FVIII and a thrombophilic phenotype, while in 2025, Wischmeyer et al. described a gain-of-function missense mutation of the same gene (F8 Aurora), associated with a 3-9 fold increase in catalytic activity. Aims. To characterise, clinically, biochemically, and genetically, a new family (Family S) carrying the F8 Padua duplication, assess its segregation across three generations and the genotype-phenotype correlation, and place the case within the existing literature, including a comparison with the missense F8 Aurora variant. Methods. An observational family study across three generations (9 subjects), prompted by a proband with recurrent, idiopathic deep vein thrombosis. The duplication was screened for by MLPA and confirmed by breakpoint-junction PCR; FVIII:C/Ag, the conventional thrombophilia panel, von Willebrand factor, rotational thromboelastometry (ROTEM) and platelet aggregometry were assessed, alongside a literature review and exploratory statistical analyses (correlations, non-parametric tests, Kaplan-Meier curves). Results. The proband was found to carry the F8 Padua duplication; segregation analysis identified the same alteration in five further relatives (6 carriers out of 9 subjects), with a pattern consistent with X-linked, dominant-effect inheritance — both hemizygous males and heterozygous females showed markedly elevated FVIII:C (183–498%) against a normal thrombophilia panel and normal von Willebrand factor. Four of the six carriers with available data had a VTE history (onset 17–59 years), versus none of the three non-carriers; the Kaplan-Meier curve shows an event-free proportion among carriers falling below 60% by age 31. No robust correlation emerged between FVIII levels and age at onset or clinical severity, consistent with incomplete, age-dependent penetrance. Family S is the third independently reported family worldwide carrying this duplication, with a geographic origin compatible with a founder effect. Conclusions. This study confirms, in a new pedigree, the characteristic biochemical signature of F8 Padua and the already-known clinical phenotype of incomplete, age-dependent thrombophilia, offering a replicable diagnostic pathway (MLPA plus confirmatory PCR) for a likely underdiagnosed condition. Heterozygous carriers are not clinically silent, with practical implications for family genetic counselling and carrier management — within the intrinsic limits of inference drawn from a single family of this size.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/116075