Introduction: Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) is highly prevalent and associated with increased cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Liver fibrosis is an important prognostic determinant, but its role in hemostatic alterations, subclinical vascular damage and systemic inflammation has not yet been fully defined. Aim: The primary aim was to assess, in a cohort of patients with MASLD, the association between advanced fibrosis and hemostatic alterations. Secondary objectives included the assessment of subclinical vascular damage and markers of systemic inflammation. Methods: A total of 616 patients with MASLD were consecutively included and stratified according to fibrosis severity by transient elastography. Two groups were compared: non-advanced fibrosis (F0–F2) and advanced fibrosis (F3–F4). Hemostatic parameters, rotational thromboelastometry (ROTEM), thrombin generation with and without thrombomodulin, and inflammatory markers were analyzed. Vascular damage was assessed by color-Doppler ultrasound, considering carotid intima-media thickness, carotid and lower-limb plaques, the ankle-brachial index (ABI), and abdominal aortic diameter. Hemostatic associations were also assessed using multivariable logistic regression adjusted for age, sex, body mass index (BMI) and diabetes. Results: Fibrosis could be classified in 587 patients: 538 had F0–F2 fibrosis and 49 had F3–F4 fibrosis. Compared with patients with F0–F2 fibrosis, those with advanced fibrosis had a lower platelet count (160.5 vs 182 ×10⁹/L; p<0.001), lower protein C antigen levels (106% vs 118.5%; p=0.004) and antithrombin levels (92.5% vs 103%; p<0.001), and higher factor VIII (157.5% vs 139%; p=0.004) and fibrinogen levels (388 vs 360 mg/dL; p=0.023). In the presence of thrombomodulin, patients with F3–F4 fibrosis showed higher endogenous thrombin potential (ETP) (952.0 vs 769.9 nM·min; p=0.002). The anticoagulant response to thrombomodulin was reduced, with lower ETP inhibition, expressed as the percentage inhibition of ETP (31.5% vs 39.3%; p=0.003), and a higher ETP ratio, corresponding to the ratio between ETP with and without thrombomodulin (0.69 vs 0.61; p=0.003). In the overall analysis, thromboelastometry parameters and platelet aggregation did not differ between the groups. After adjustment for age, sex, body mass index and diabetes mellitus, the associations between advanced fibrosis and factor VIII, protein C antigen, antithrombin, and thrombin generation parameters in the presence of thrombomodulin remained significant. Left carotid plaque was more frequent in patients with F3–F4 fibrosis (43.5% vs 28.1%; p=0.041), whereas the other vascular parameters did not differ significantly. High-sensitivity C-reactive protein did not differ between the groups (p=0.091). Conclusions: Advanced fibrosis in MASLD is associated with a rebalanced and potentially prothrombotic hemostatic profile, characterized by reduced levels of natural anticoagulants, increased levels of procoagulant factors, and a reduced response to thrombomodulin. The vascular association was limited and may reflect the greater burden of concomitant cardiometabolic risk factors.
Introduzione: La metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) è una malattia altamente prevalente, associata a un aumento della morbilità e della mortalità cardiovascolare. La fibrosi epatica è un importante determinante prognostico, ma il suo ruolo nelle alterazioni emostatiche, nel danno vascolare subclinico e nell’infiammazione sistemica non è ancora completamente definito. Scopo: L’obiettivo principale era valutare, in una coorte di pazienti con MASLD, l’associazione tra fibrosi avanzata e alterazioni dell’emostasi. Gli obiettivi secondari comprendevano la valutazione del danno vascolare subclinico e dei marcatori di infiammazione sistemica. Metodi: Sono stati inclusi consecutivamente 616 pazienti con MASLD, stratificati mediante elastografia transiente in base alla severità della fibrosi. Sono stati quindi confrontati due gruppi: fibrosi non avanzata (F0–F2) e fibrosi avanzata (F3–F4). Sono stati analizzati parametri emostatici, tromboelastometria rotazionale (rotational thromboelastometry, ROTEM), generazione di trombina con e senza trombomodulina e marcatori infiammatori. Il danno vascolare è stato valutato mediante ecocolor-Doppler considerando spessore intima-media carotideo, placche carotidee e degli arti inferiori, indice caviglia-braccio (ankle-brachial index, ABI) e diametro dell’aorta addominale. Le associazioni emostatiche sono state valutate anche mediante regressione logistica multivariata aggiustata per età, sesso, indice di massa corporea (BMI) e diabete. Risultati: La fibrosi era classificabile in 587 pazienti: 538 erano F0–F2 e 49 F3–F4. Rispetto ai pazienti F0–F2, quelli con fibrosi avanzata presentavano una conta piastrinica inferiore (160,5 vs 182 ×10⁹/L; p<0,001), livelli inferiori di antigene della proteina C (106% vs 118,5%; p=0,004) e di antitrombina (92,5% vs 103%; p<0,001) e livelli superiori di fattore VIII (157,5% vs 139%; p=0,004) e di fibrinogeno (388 vs 360 mg/dL; p=0,023). Con trombomodulina, i pazienti F3–F4 presentavano un potenziale endogeno di trombina (ETP) maggiore (952,0 vs 769,9 nM·min; p=0,002). La risposta anticoagulante alla trombomodulina era ridotta, con minore ETP inhibition, espressione della percentuale di inibizione dell’ETP (31,5% vs 39,3%; p=0,003), e maggiore ETP ratio, corrispondente al rapporto tra ETP con e senza trombomodulina (0,69 vs 0,61; p=0,003). Nell’analisi complessiva, i parametri di tromboelastometria e l’aggregazione piastrinica non differivano tra i gruppi. Dopo aggiustamento per età, sesso, indice di massa corporea e diabete mellito, restavano significative le associazioni tra fibrosi avanzata e FVIII, antigene della proteina C, antitrombina e parametri di generazione della trombina in presenza di trombomodulina. La placca carotidea sinistra era più frequente nei pazienti F3–F4 (43,5% vs 28,1%; p=0,041); gli altri parametri vascolari non differivano significativamente. La proteina C-reattiva ad alta sensibilità non differiva tra i gruppi (p=0,091). Conclusioni: La fibrosi avanzata nella MASLD si associa a un profilo emostatico ribilanciato e potenzialmente protrombotico, caratterizzato dalla riduzione degli anticoagulanti naturali, dall’aumento dei fattori procoagulanti e da una ridotta risposta alla trombomodulina. L’associazione vascolare è risultata limitata e potrebbe riflettere il maggiore carico di fattori di rischio cardiometabolici concomitanti.
MASLD e rischio cardiovascolare: impatto della severità della fibrosi epatica sulle alterazioni emostatiche e sul danno vascolare subclinico
FRASSON, ALBERTO
2025/2026
Abstract
Introduction: Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) is highly prevalent and associated with increased cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Liver fibrosis is an important prognostic determinant, but its role in hemostatic alterations, subclinical vascular damage and systemic inflammation has not yet been fully defined. Aim: The primary aim was to assess, in a cohort of patients with MASLD, the association between advanced fibrosis and hemostatic alterations. Secondary objectives included the assessment of subclinical vascular damage and markers of systemic inflammation. Methods: A total of 616 patients with MASLD were consecutively included and stratified according to fibrosis severity by transient elastography. Two groups were compared: non-advanced fibrosis (F0–F2) and advanced fibrosis (F3–F4). Hemostatic parameters, rotational thromboelastometry (ROTEM), thrombin generation with and without thrombomodulin, and inflammatory markers were analyzed. Vascular damage was assessed by color-Doppler ultrasound, considering carotid intima-media thickness, carotid and lower-limb plaques, the ankle-brachial index (ABI), and abdominal aortic diameter. Hemostatic associations were also assessed using multivariable logistic regression adjusted for age, sex, body mass index (BMI) and diabetes. Results: Fibrosis could be classified in 587 patients: 538 had F0–F2 fibrosis and 49 had F3–F4 fibrosis. Compared with patients with F0–F2 fibrosis, those with advanced fibrosis had a lower platelet count (160.5 vs 182 ×10⁹/L; p<0.001), lower protein C antigen levels (106% vs 118.5%; p=0.004) and antithrombin levels (92.5% vs 103%; p<0.001), and higher factor VIII (157.5% vs 139%; p=0.004) and fibrinogen levels (388 vs 360 mg/dL; p=0.023). In the presence of thrombomodulin, patients with F3–F4 fibrosis showed higher endogenous thrombin potential (ETP) (952.0 vs 769.9 nM·min; p=0.002). The anticoagulant response to thrombomodulin was reduced, with lower ETP inhibition, expressed as the percentage inhibition of ETP (31.5% vs 39.3%; p=0.003), and a higher ETP ratio, corresponding to the ratio between ETP with and without thrombomodulin (0.69 vs 0.61; p=0.003). In the overall analysis, thromboelastometry parameters and platelet aggregation did not differ between the groups. After adjustment for age, sex, body mass index and diabetes mellitus, the associations between advanced fibrosis and factor VIII, protein C antigen, antithrombin, and thrombin generation parameters in the presence of thrombomodulin remained significant. Left carotid plaque was more frequent in patients with F3–F4 fibrosis (43.5% vs 28.1%; p=0.041), whereas the other vascular parameters did not differ significantly. High-sensitivity C-reactive protein did not differ between the groups (p=0.091). Conclusions: Advanced fibrosis in MASLD is associated with a rebalanced and potentially prothrombotic hemostatic profile, characterized by reduced levels of natural anticoagulants, increased levels of procoagulant factors, and a reduced response to thrombomodulin. The vascular association was limited and may reflect the greater burden of concomitant cardiometabolic risk factors.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/116076