Background Respiratory Distress Syndrome (RDS) is one of the leading causes of respiratory failure in preterm infants and is primarily related to surfactant deficiency in the immature lung. Exogenous surfactant replacement therapy represents one of the mainstays of RDS treatment, as it has significantly contributed to reducing its mortality and respiratory complications. Currently, surfactant can be administered via three main modalities: endotracheal intubation (ETT), INSURE and MIST/LISA. While ETT involves the use of invasive mechanical ventilation, minimally invasive strategies aim to limit MV by maintaining spontaneous breathing. However, the choice of modality depends on the infant’s clinical characteristics and, in the case of minimally invasive strategies, the risk of failure and subsequent need for invasive ventilation remains. Therefore, identifying the clinical profiles with better outcomes and the predictors of treatment failure is of key relevance. Objectives The objective of this study was to characterise and compare the clinical and perinatal profiles of preterm infants undergoing the three administration modalities, evaluating their respiratory outcomes and major complications. Furthermore, the association between baseline clinical characteristics and the success or failure of minimally invasive strategies was analysed to identify the main predictors of failure and the features associated with the need for respiratory support escalation. Materials and Methods A single-centre, retrospective cohort study was conducted on 219 preterm infants with a gestational age of less than 32 weeks, admitted to the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit of the University Hospital of Padova between December 2022 and December 2025. Through medical record review, clinical and perinatal data regarding surfactant therapy, respiratory support and major neonatal outcomes were collected. Factors associated with the choice of administration modality, strategy success or failure and respiratory outcomes were evaluated using appropriate statistical analyses. Results Of the 219 infants included, 155 (70.8%) received surfactant: 89 via ETT, 22 via INSURE and 44 via MIST/LISA. Infants undergoing ETT had lower gestational age and birth weight, as well as higher CRIB-II scores and pre-surfactant FiO₂ values compared to those treated with minimally invasive strategies; conversely, no statistically significant differences emerged between INSURE and MIST/LISA regarding baseline characteristics. Among the 66 infants in the non-invasive cohort, 29 (44%) experienced strategy failure, requiring intubation within 72 hours. Gestational age, birth weight and CRIB-II were identified as main predictors of failure. Exploratory analysis identified a proportion of patients among very preterm infants treated with ETT whose profile was compatible with a non-invasive de-escalation approach. Conclusions Infant maturity and clinical severity are key factors associated with the success of minimally invasive strategies. Gestational age, birth weight and CRIB-II proved to be significant predictors of failure and can contribute to a more accurate early risk stratification and an individualized selection of the respiratory strategy. Prospective and multicentre studies will be required to validate these findings and define their clinical applicability.
Presupposti dello studio La Malattia delle Membrane Ialine o Respiratory Distress Syndrome è una delle principali cause di insufficienza respiratoria nel neonato pretermine ed è principalmente correlata alla carenza di surfattante nel polmone immaturo. La terapia sostitutiva con surfattante esogeno rappresenta uno dei principali trattamenti della RDS e ha contribuito a ridurne significativamente la mortalità e le complicanze respiratorie. Attualmente il surfattante può essere somministrato attraverso tre principali modalità: intubazione endotracheale, INSURE e MIST/LISA. Mentre la TET comporta il ricorso alla ventilazione meccanica invasiva, le strategie minimamente invasive mirano a limitarne l’esposizione, mantenendo la respirazione spontanea. La scelta della modalità dipende dalle caratteristiche cliniche del neonato e, nel caso delle strategie minimamente invasive, permane il rischio di insuccesso, con conseguente necessità di ventilazione invasiva. Risulta, pertanto, rilevante identificare i profili clinici associati a migliori esiti e i predittori del fallimento terapeutico. Scopo dello studio Lo scopo del presente studio è stato caratterizzare e confrontare i profili clinici e perinatali dei neonati sottoposti alle tre modalità di somministrazione del surfattante, valutandone gli esiti respiratori e le principali complicanze. È stata, inoltre, analizzata l’associazione tra le caratteristiche cliniche iniziali e il successo o il fallimento delle strategie minimamente invasive, al fine di identificare i principali fattori predittivi dell’insuccesso e le caratteristiche associate alla necessità di escalation del supporto respiratorio. Materiali e metodi È stato condotto uno studio di coorte monocentrico e retrospettivo su 219 neonati con età gestazionale inferiore alle 32 settimane, ricoverati presso la Patologia Neonatale dell’Azienda Ospedale-Università di Padova tra dicembre 2022 e dicembre 2025. Attraverso la revisione delle cartelle cliniche, sono stati raccolti dati clinici e perinatali relativi alla terapia con surfattante, al supporto respiratorio e ai principali outcome neonatali. I fattori associati alla scelta della modalità di somministrazione, al successo o al fallimento e agli esiti respiratori sono stati valutati tramite appropriate analisi statistiche. Risultati Dei 219 neonati inclusi, 155 (70,8%) hanno ricevuto surfattante: 89 tramite TET, 22 tramite INSURE e 44 tramite MIST/LISA. I neonati sottoposti a TET presentavano minore età gestazionale, minore peso alla nascita e valori più elevati di CRIB-II e FiO₂ pre-surfattante rispetto a quelli trattati con strategie minimamente invasive; non sono, invece, emerse differenze statisticamente significative tra INSURE e MIST/LISA relativamente alle caratteristiche basali. Tra i 66 neonati della coorte non invasiva, 29 (44%) hanno presentato fallimento della strategia, con necessità di intubazione entro 72 ore. Età gestazionale, peso alla nascita e CRIB-II sono stati identificati come i principali predittori del fallimento. L’analisi esplorativa ha rilevato, tra i neonati very preterm trattati con TET, una quota di pazienti con un profilo compatibile con un approccio di de-escalation non invasiva. Conclusioni La maturità e la gravità clinica del neonato risultano associate al successo delle strategie minimamente invasive. Età gestazionale, peso alla nascita e CRIB-II si sono dimostrati predittori significativi del fallimento e possono contribuire a una più accurata stratificazione precoce del rischio e una selezione individualizzata della strategia respiratoria. Saranno necessari studi prospettici e multicentrici per validare questi risultati e definirne l’applicabilità clinica.
Confronto tra tecniche di somministrazione intratracheale del surfattante nei neonati molto pretermine
CAPPELLARI, LUCIA
2025/2026
Abstract
Background Respiratory Distress Syndrome (RDS) is one of the leading causes of respiratory failure in preterm infants and is primarily related to surfactant deficiency in the immature lung. Exogenous surfactant replacement therapy represents one of the mainstays of RDS treatment, as it has significantly contributed to reducing its mortality and respiratory complications. Currently, surfactant can be administered via three main modalities: endotracheal intubation (ETT), INSURE and MIST/LISA. While ETT involves the use of invasive mechanical ventilation, minimally invasive strategies aim to limit MV by maintaining spontaneous breathing. However, the choice of modality depends on the infant’s clinical characteristics and, in the case of minimally invasive strategies, the risk of failure and subsequent need for invasive ventilation remains. Therefore, identifying the clinical profiles with better outcomes and the predictors of treatment failure is of key relevance. Objectives The objective of this study was to characterise and compare the clinical and perinatal profiles of preterm infants undergoing the three administration modalities, evaluating their respiratory outcomes and major complications. Furthermore, the association between baseline clinical characteristics and the success or failure of minimally invasive strategies was analysed to identify the main predictors of failure and the features associated with the need for respiratory support escalation. Materials and Methods A single-centre, retrospective cohort study was conducted on 219 preterm infants with a gestational age of less than 32 weeks, admitted to the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit of the University Hospital of Padova between December 2022 and December 2025. Through medical record review, clinical and perinatal data regarding surfactant therapy, respiratory support and major neonatal outcomes were collected. Factors associated with the choice of administration modality, strategy success or failure and respiratory outcomes were evaluated using appropriate statistical analyses. Results Of the 219 infants included, 155 (70.8%) received surfactant: 89 via ETT, 22 via INSURE and 44 via MIST/LISA. Infants undergoing ETT had lower gestational age and birth weight, as well as higher CRIB-II scores and pre-surfactant FiO₂ values compared to those treated with minimally invasive strategies; conversely, no statistically significant differences emerged between INSURE and MIST/LISA regarding baseline characteristics. Among the 66 infants in the non-invasive cohort, 29 (44%) experienced strategy failure, requiring intubation within 72 hours. Gestational age, birth weight and CRIB-II were identified as main predictors of failure. Exploratory analysis identified a proportion of patients among very preterm infants treated with ETT whose profile was compatible with a non-invasive de-escalation approach. Conclusions Infant maturity and clinical severity are key factors associated with the success of minimally invasive strategies. Gestational age, birth weight and CRIB-II proved to be significant predictors of failure and can contribute to a more accurate early risk stratification and an individualized selection of the respiratory strategy. Prospective and multicentre studies will be required to validate these findings and define their clinical applicability.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/116080