Study Background Gender incongruence is defined as the condition in which an individual experiences a discrepancy between their sex assigned at birth and their gender identity. People with this condition, defined as transgender or gender diverse (TGD), may decide to pursue gender-affirming care, including hormone therapy, psychological support and gender-affirming surgery. Gender-affirming hormone therapy (GAHT) involves the administration of testosterone to individuals assigned female at birth (AFAB) who identify as men and the administration of estrogen and antiandrogens to individuals assigned male at birth (AMAB) who identify as women. Despite the growing number of transgender individuals undergoing GAHT, the long-term effects of this therapy on sexual function and genitourinary symptoms remain unclear. Study Objectives The aim of this study was to comprehend how androgen therapy modifies sexual desire and arousal, lubrication, dyspareunia and genitourinary symptoms in a cohort of TGD AFAB individuals during the first year of treatment. Secondary objectives included assessing changes in serum sex hormone levels, also in relation to the temporal trends in sexual function parameters and comparing sexual function and vasomotor and genitourinary symptoms with a cohort of cisgender women. Materials and Methods The study enrolled adult TGD AFAB individuals who had not previously undergone GAHT and were attending the Endocrinology and Gynaecology outpatient clinics of the Interdisciplinary Group for Gender Incongruence (GIIG) at the Padua Hospital-University (AOUPD). During outpatient visits, a clinical history was obtained for each patient, with particular attention to sexual and urinary health and the presence of hot flashes. These aspects were further assessed using the FSFI-6, MRS, and IPSS questionnaires at four time points: before the initiation of GAHT and at 3, 6, and 12 months after treatment initiation. Blood samples were collected at the same time points to monitor circulating sex hormone levels. The same questionnaires were administered to a control group of cisgender women. Results The study showed statistically significant changes in several domains of sexual function during the first 12 months of GAHT, with increased sexual desire and arousal and reduced pain during sexual activity. A modest increase in vasomotor symptoms and changes in urinary symptoms was also observed, with no evidence of progressive worsening over the course of treatment. Total testosterone levels increased significantly within the first three months of therapy and subsequently remained stable. Conclusions Testosterone-based GAHT is associated with increased sexual desire and arousal and a higher intensity of hot flashes, an increase in lower urinary tract symptoms compared with baseline, although without a progressive worsening over time, and reduced pain during sexual activity in TGD AFAB individuals during the first year of therapy. These findings highlight the importance of incorporating the assessment of sexual health and vasomotor and urinary symptoms into follow-up care, to identify clinically relevant conditions and consider targeted therapeutic interventions when appropriate. Integrating clinical assessment with standardized tools may contribute to more individualized care throughout the gender-affirmation process.
Presupposti dello studio L’incongruenza di genere è definita come la condizione in cui un individuo avverte una discrepanza tra il sesso assegnato alla nascita e l’identità di genere. Le persone che presentano questa condizione, definite transgender o gender diverse (TGD), possono decidere di intraprendere percorsi di affermazione di genere che includono terapia ormonale, supporto psicologico e chirurgia affermativa. La terapia ormonale affermativa (GAHT) prevede la somministrazione di testosterone in persone con sesso femminile assegnato alla nascita (AFAB) e la somministrazione di estrogeni e antiandrogeni in persone con sesso maschile assegnato alla nascita (AMAB) in funzione degli obiettivi individuali. Nonostante il crescente numero di persone transgender che intraprendono la GAHT, gli effetti sulla funzione sessuale e sui sintomi genitourinari restano ancora da chiarire. Obiettivi dello studio Lo scopo dello studio è stato valutare l’impatto della terapia androgenica sulla funzione sessuale e sui sintomi genitourinari in una coorte di persone TGD AFAB. Tra gli obiettivi secondari sono stati valutati l’andamento dei livelli sierici degli ormoni sessuali, anche in relazione all’andamento temporale dei parametri della funzione sessuale, e il confronto della funzione sessuale e della sintomatologia vasomotoria e genitourinaria con una coorte di donne cisgender. Materiali e metodi Nello studio sono stati inclusi soggetti maggiorenni TGD AFAB non precedentemente sottoposti a GAHT, afferenti agli ambulatori di Endocrinologia e Ginecologia del Gruppo Interdisciplinare di Incongruenza di genere dell’Azienda Ospedale-Università di Padova (AOUPD). Per ciascun paziente, nel corso della visita ambulatoriale, è stata raccolta un’anamnesi clinica, con particolare attenzione alle problematiche relative alla salute sessuale e urinaria e alla presenza di vampate di calore. Tali aspetti sono stati poi approfonditi attraverso la somministrazione dei questionari FSFI-6, MRS e IPSS in quattro tempi: prima dell’inizio della GAHT, a 3, 6 e 12 mesi dall’avvio della terapia. Contestualmente, sono stati eseguiti prelievi ematici per monitorare i livelli sierici degli ormoni sessuali. Gli stessi questionari sono stati somministrati ad un gruppo di donne cisgender di controllo. Risultati Lo studio ha evidenziato un aumento del desiderio e dell’eccitazione associati ad una riduzione del dolore durante i primi 12 mesi di GAHT. È stato inoltre osservato un aumento, seppur quantitativamente contenuto, della sintomatologia vasomotoria e una variazione dei sintomi urinari, senza evidenza di un peggioramento progressivo nel corso del trattamento. I livelli di testosterone totale hanno mostrato un incremento significativo già entro i primi tre mesi di terapia, seguito da una successiva stabilizzazione. Conclusioni La GAHT con testosterone si associa ad un aumento di desiderio ed eccitazione, dell’intensità delle vampate, a un incremento dei sintomi del basso tratto urinario, seppur con andamento non progressivo, e a una riduzione di dolore durante i rapporti nelle persone TGD AFAB nel primo anno di terapia. I risultati sottolineano l’importanza di integrare nel follow-up la valutazione della salute sessuale e dei sintomi vasomotori e urinari, al fine di identificare eventuali condizioni clinicamente rilevanti e valutare interventi terapeutici mirati. L’integrazione tra valutazione clinica e strumenti standardizzati può contribuire a una gestione maggiormente individualizzata durante il percorso di affermazione di genere.
L'impatto della terapia androgenica sulla funzione sessuale e sui sintomi genito-urinari in una coorte di persone transgender
MAURI, MARGHERITA
2025/2026
Abstract
Study Background Gender incongruence is defined as the condition in which an individual experiences a discrepancy between their sex assigned at birth and their gender identity. People with this condition, defined as transgender or gender diverse (TGD), may decide to pursue gender-affirming care, including hormone therapy, psychological support and gender-affirming surgery. Gender-affirming hormone therapy (GAHT) involves the administration of testosterone to individuals assigned female at birth (AFAB) who identify as men and the administration of estrogen and antiandrogens to individuals assigned male at birth (AMAB) who identify as women. Despite the growing number of transgender individuals undergoing GAHT, the long-term effects of this therapy on sexual function and genitourinary symptoms remain unclear. Study Objectives The aim of this study was to comprehend how androgen therapy modifies sexual desire and arousal, lubrication, dyspareunia and genitourinary symptoms in a cohort of TGD AFAB individuals during the first year of treatment. Secondary objectives included assessing changes in serum sex hormone levels, also in relation to the temporal trends in sexual function parameters and comparing sexual function and vasomotor and genitourinary symptoms with a cohort of cisgender women. Materials and Methods The study enrolled adult TGD AFAB individuals who had not previously undergone GAHT and were attending the Endocrinology and Gynaecology outpatient clinics of the Interdisciplinary Group for Gender Incongruence (GIIG) at the Padua Hospital-University (AOUPD). During outpatient visits, a clinical history was obtained for each patient, with particular attention to sexual and urinary health and the presence of hot flashes. These aspects were further assessed using the FSFI-6, MRS, and IPSS questionnaires at four time points: before the initiation of GAHT and at 3, 6, and 12 months after treatment initiation. Blood samples were collected at the same time points to monitor circulating sex hormone levels. The same questionnaires were administered to a control group of cisgender women. Results The study showed statistically significant changes in several domains of sexual function during the first 12 months of GAHT, with increased sexual desire and arousal and reduced pain during sexual activity. A modest increase in vasomotor symptoms and changes in urinary symptoms was also observed, with no evidence of progressive worsening over the course of treatment. Total testosterone levels increased significantly within the first three months of therapy and subsequently remained stable. Conclusions Testosterone-based GAHT is associated with increased sexual desire and arousal and a higher intensity of hot flashes, an increase in lower urinary tract symptoms compared with baseline, although without a progressive worsening over time, and reduced pain during sexual activity in TGD AFAB individuals during the first year of therapy. These findings highlight the importance of incorporating the assessment of sexual health and vasomotor and urinary symptoms into follow-up care, to identify clinically relevant conditions and consider targeted therapeutic interventions when appropriate. Integrating clinical assessment with standardized tools may contribute to more individualized care throughout the gender-affirmation process.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/116082