This thesis examines the possibility of considering the trust as the apex structure of a corporate group, focusing in particular on the compatibility between the domestic trust and the civil law notions of corporate control and direction and coordination activities, as well as on the main tax implications arising from the exercise of such functions. The analysis begins with an examination of the domestic trust within the Italian legal system, with particular attention to its segregated structure, the position of the trustee, the ownership of the assets transferred to the trust, and the function of the trust as an instrument for holding and managing corporate shareholdings. On this basis, the research addresses the issue of whether the trust may fall within the forms of control provided for by Article 2359 of the Italian Civil Code, investigating the possibility of attributing to the trust — or, alternatively, to the trustee as the managing body — the exercise of a dominant influence over the companies in which the shareholdings are held. The thesis further explores the relationship between the trust holding structure and the simple partnership holding company (società semplice holding), highlighting their structural, operational and disclosure-related differences, as well as the different ways in which holding activities and direction and coordination activities may be exercised. Particular attention is devoted to the possibility of qualifying the trust as the parent entity of a corporate group, to the governance aspects of shareholdings, and to the disclosure obligations arising from the possible exercise of direction and coordination activities, including issues concerning registration with the Italian Business Register. The final part of the research is devoted to the tax treatment of the “dynamic” parent trust, namely a trust that does not merely hold shareholdings passively but actively manages and directs the companies in which it holds interests. From this perspective, the thesis examines issues relating to income taxation, tax consolidation regimes, VAT groups, the taxation of dividends, the tax treatment of distributions to beneficiaries, and the potential abusive practices connected with the use of a trust as the apex structure of a corporate group. The aim of the research is to determine whether, and to what extent, a trust may be regarded as a legal instrument suitable for the exercise of corporate control and direction and coordination activities, adopting a substantive approach based on the economic function actually performed by the trust within the corporate group.
La presente tesi analizza la possibilità di configurare il trust quale struttura di vertice del gruppo societario, soffermandosi, in particolare, sulla compatibilità tra il trust interno e le nozioni civilistiche di controllo societario e di attività di direzione e coordinamento, nonché sui principali effetti fiscali derivanti dall’esercizio di tali funzioni. L’indagine prende le mosse dall’inquadramento del trust interno nell’ordinamento italiano, con particolare attenzione alla struttura segregativa, alla posizione del trustee, alla titolarità dei beni conferiti e alla funzione del trust quale strumento di gestione e detenzione di partecipazioni societarie. Su tali basi, la ricerca affronta il tema della riconducibilità del trust all’interno delle fattispecie di controllo previste dall’art. 2359 del Codice Civile, interrogandosi sulla possibilità di imputare al trust — ovvero al trustee quale organo gestorio — l’esercizio di un’influenza dominante sulle società partecipate. L’elaborato approfondisce inoltre il rapporto tra trust holding e società semplice holding, evidenziandone differenze strutturali, operative e pubblicitarie, nonché le differenti modalità di esercizio dell’attività di holding e di direzione e coordinamento. Particolare attenzione è dedicata alla configurabilità del trust quale soggetto capogruppo, ai profili di governance delle partecipazioni e agli obblighi informativi derivanti dall’eventuale esercizio dell’attività di direzione e coordinamento, anche con riguardo alle problematiche di iscrizione nel Registro delle Imprese. L’ultima parte della ricerca è dedicata alla disciplina fiscale del trust capogruppo “dinamico”, ossia del trust che non si limita alla mera detenzione statica di partecipazioni, ma svolge un’attività di gestione e indirizzo attivi delle società partecipate. In tale prospettiva vengono esaminati i profili concernenti le imposte sui redditi, il consolidato fiscale, il gruppo I.V.A., la tassazione dei dividendi, il trattamento fiscale delle attribuzioni ai beneficiari e i possibili profili abusivi connessi all’utilizzo del trust quale struttura di vertice del gruppo. L’obiettivo della ricerca è quello di verificare se, ed entro quali limiti, il trust possa essere considerato uno strumento giuridicamente idoneo all’esercizio del controllo societario e dell’attività di direzione e coordinamento, valorizzando un approccio sostanzialistico fondato sulla funzione economica concretamente svolta dal trust all’interno del gruppo societario.
Il Trust quale Struttura di Vertice del Gruppo Societario: Controllo ex art. 2359 C.C., Direzione e Coordinamento, Profili Fiscali.
GOBBATO, GIACOMO
2025/2026
Abstract
This thesis examines the possibility of considering the trust as the apex structure of a corporate group, focusing in particular on the compatibility between the domestic trust and the civil law notions of corporate control and direction and coordination activities, as well as on the main tax implications arising from the exercise of such functions. The analysis begins with an examination of the domestic trust within the Italian legal system, with particular attention to its segregated structure, the position of the trustee, the ownership of the assets transferred to the trust, and the function of the trust as an instrument for holding and managing corporate shareholdings. On this basis, the research addresses the issue of whether the trust may fall within the forms of control provided for by Article 2359 of the Italian Civil Code, investigating the possibility of attributing to the trust — or, alternatively, to the trustee as the managing body — the exercise of a dominant influence over the companies in which the shareholdings are held. The thesis further explores the relationship between the trust holding structure and the simple partnership holding company (società semplice holding), highlighting their structural, operational and disclosure-related differences, as well as the different ways in which holding activities and direction and coordination activities may be exercised. Particular attention is devoted to the possibility of qualifying the trust as the parent entity of a corporate group, to the governance aspects of shareholdings, and to the disclosure obligations arising from the possible exercise of direction and coordination activities, including issues concerning registration with the Italian Business Register. The final part of the research is devoted to the tax treatment of the “dynamic” parent trust, namely a trust that does not merely hold shareholdings passively but actively manages and directs the companies in which it holds interests. From this perspective, the thesis examines issues relating to income taxation, tax consolidation regimes, VAT groups, the taxation of dividends, the tax treatment of distributions to beneficiaries, and the potential abusive practices connected with the use of a trust as the apex structure of a corporate group. The aim of the research is to determine whether, and to what extent, a trust may be regarded as a legal instrument suitable for the exercise of corporate control and direction and coordination activities, adopting a substantive approach based on the economic function actually performed by the trust within the corporate group.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/116459