Introduction: Arterial hypertension is defined by office blood pressure values ≥140/90 mmHg. Resistant hypertension is diagnosed when blood pressure remains ≥140/90 mmHg despite at least three antihypertensive drugs from different classes at the maximum tolerated dose, including a diuretic. It is associated with a higher cardiovascular risk, a higher prevalence of target organ damage and of other risk factors such as dyslipidemia; it requires an assessment of overall risk, screening for secondary forms, and a personalized approach. Study Objective: To characterize patients with resistant hypertension in terms of anthropometric, anamnestic, biochemical, pharmacological, and cardiovascular risk profiles; to assess the frequency of screening for secondary causes and the characteristics of the patients investigated; to determine the evolution of blood pressure and lipid profiles following therapeutic changes and the characteristics associated with failure to achieve blood pressure control. Materials and methods: Retrospective and prospective observational study conducted at the Hypertension Clinic of the General Medicine Unit 1 (U.O.C. Medicina Generale 1), Ca' Foncello Hospital, Treviso, in patients aged ≥18 years with resistant hypertension according to the 2024 ESC guidelines. Clinical, laboratory, instrumental, and pharmacological data were collected, comparing baseline (T0) with the last follow-up (T1). Cardiovascular risk was stratified according to ESC (SCORE2), blood pressure control according to the 2024 ESC categories, and LDL targets according to the 2019 ESC/EAS recommendations. Results: A total of 121 patients were enrolled, with a mean age of 62.2 ± 14.1 years, of whom 47.1% were female. This was a population with a high burden of comorbidities: dyslipidemia was present in 77.7% of cases and diabetes mellitus in 19.8%, with 88.4% of patients at high or very-high cardiovascular risk. Despite already intensive treatment, with a mean of 3.99 ± 0.99 drug classes per patient, mean blood pressure at baseline was 144.5/82.2 mmHg. Approximately 70% of patients underwent a work-up for secondary hypertension. These patients were significantly younger than those not investigated (p<0.001). A secondary cause was identified in 10.7% of the entire cohort, and most cases were due to primary aldosteronism (8.3%). Regarding lipids, only 30.4% of patients achieved the LDL target for their risk category at baseline. At follow-up, 111 patients were re-evaluated, with a median observation period of 2.84 years (IQR 1.83–4.25). Blood pressure decreased significantly in both the systolic component (from 143.4 ± 24.31 to 128.1 ± 17.69 mmHg; p<0.001) and the diastolic component (from 82.3 ± 12.53 to 75.8 ± 10.38 mmHg; p<0.001), without significant changes in the number of antihypertensive classes used (p=0.527). Consequently, the proportion of patients with office hypertension decreased from 64.9% to 27.0%. The lipid profile also improved: the proportion of patients on lipid-lowering treatment increased from 59.5% to 86.5% (p<0.001), LDL levels fell from 95.3 to 70.5 mg/dL (p<0.001), and the proportion of patients at target almost doubled, from 27.0% to 53.9% (p<0.001). Conclusions: Our study described a cohort of patients with apparently resistant hypertension characterized by a high prevalence of cardiovascular comorbidities and dyslipidemia, with high or very-high cardiovascular risk in almost all cases. Screening for secondary causes yielded results in line with the literature. The therapeutic changes introduced at the outpatient evaluation significantly improved both blood pressure and lipid profiles. These results highlight how a specialist, personalized, and multimodal approach can positively affect cardiovascular risk factors in this complex population.
Introduzione: L'ipertensione arteriosa è definita da valori pressori office ≥140/90 mmHg. Si parla di ipertensione resistente quando la pressione rimane ≥140/90 mmHg nonostante almeno tre farmaci antipertensivi di classi differenti alla dose massima tollerata, tra cui un diuretico. Si associa a maggior rischio cardiovascolare, a maggiore prevalenza di danno d'organo e di altri fattori di rischio come la dislipidemia; richiede valutazione del rischio globale, ricerca di forme secondarie e approccio personalizzato. Scopo dello studio: Caratterizzare i pazienti con ipertensione resistente sul piano antropometrico, anamnestico, bioumorale, farmacologico e di rischio cardiovascolare, valutare la frequenza di screening per le cause secondarie e le caratteristiche dei pazienti indagati; determinare l'evoluzione del profilo pressorio e lipidico dopo le modifiche terapeutiche e le caratteristiche del mancato controllo pressorio. Materiali e metodi: Studio osservazionale retrospettivo e prospettico presso l'Ambulatorio dell'Ipertensione Arteriosa della U.O.C. Medicina Generale 1 dell'Ospedale Ca' Foncello di Treviso, su pazienti di età ≥18 anni con ipertensione resistente secondo le linee guida ESC 2024. Sono stati raccolti dati clinici, laboratoristici, strumentali e farmacologici, confrontando baseline (T0) e ultimo follow-up (T1). Il rischio cardiovascolare è stato stratificato secondo ESC (SCORE2), il controllo pressorio secondo ESC 2024 e il target di LDL secondo ESC/EAS 2019. Risultati: Sono stati reclutati 121 pazienti, con un'età media di 62.2 ± 14.1 anni e il 47.1% di sesso femminile. Si trattava di una popolazione con un elevato carico di comorbidità: la dislipidemia era presente nel 77.7% dei casi e il diabete mellito nel 19.8% con l'88.4% dei pazienti a rischio cardiovascolare alto o molto alto. Nonostante un trattamento già intensivo, con in media 3.99 ± 0.99 classi farmacologiche per paziente, la pressione arteriosa media al baseline era di 144.5/82.2 mmHg. Circa il 70% dei pazienti è stato sottoposto a work-up per ipertensione secondaria. Questi pazienti erano significativamente più giovani rispetto a quelli non indagati (p<0.001). Una causa secondaria è stata identificata nel 10.7% dell'intera coorte e la maggior parte dei casi era rappresentata da iperaldosteronismo primario (8.3%). Sul versante lipidico, solo il 30.4% dei pazienti raggiungeva al baseline il target di LDL previsto per la propria categoria di rischio. Al follow-up sono stati rivalutati 111 pazienti, con una durata mediana dell'osservazione di 2.84 (IQR 1.83-4.25) anni. La pressione arteriosa è diminuita in modo statisticamente significativo, sia nella componente sistolica (da 143.4 ± 24.31 a 128.1 ± 17.69 mmHg; p<0.001) sia in quella diastolica (da 82.3 ± 12.53 a 75.8 ± 10.38 mmHg; p<0.001), e ciò è avvenuto senza variazioni significative del numero di classi antipertensive impiegate (p=0.527). Di conseguenza, la quota di pazienti con ipertensione office si è ridotta dal 64.9% al 27.0%. Anche il profilo lipidico è migliorato: con il passaggio dei pazienti in trattamento dal 59.5% all'86.5% (p<0.001), i livelli di LDL sono scesi da 95.3 a 70.5 mg/dL (p<0.001) e la quota di pazienti a target è quasi raddoppiata, passando dal 27.0% al 53.9% (p<0.001). Conclusioni: Il nostro studio ha descritto una coorte di pazienti con ipertensione apparentemente resistente caratterizzata da elevata prevalenza di comorbidità cardiovascolari e dislipidemia, con rischio cardiovascolare alto o molto alto nella quasi totalità dei casi. Lo screening delle cause secondarie ha dato esiti in linea con la letteratura. Le modifiche terapeutiche introdotte alla valutazione ambulatoriale hanno migliorato in modo significativo il profilo pressorio e quello lipidico. I risultati sottolineano come un approccio specialistico, personalizzato e multimodale possa incidere positivamente sui fattori di rischio cardiovascolare in questa popolazione complessa.
Profilo clinico e outcome dei pazienti con ipertensione resistente: risultati di un'analisi osservazionale
BATTISTELLA, MATTEO
2025/2026
Abstract
Introduction: Arterial hypertension is defined by office blood pressure values ≥140/90 mmHg. Resistant hypertension is diagnosed when blood pressure remains ≥140/90 mmHg despite at least three antihypertensive drugs from different classes at the maximum tolerated dose, including a diuretic. It is associated with a higher cardiovascular risk, a higher prevalence of target organ damage and of other risk factors such as dyslipidemia; it requires an assessment of overall risk, screening for secondary forms, and a personalized approach. Study Objective: To characterize patients with resistant hypertension in terms of anthropometric, anamnestic, biochemical, pharmacological, and cardiovascular risk profiles; to assess the frequency of screening for secondary causes and the characteristics of the patients investigated; to determine the evolution of blood pressure and lipid profiles following therapeutic changes and the characteristics associated with failure to achieve blood pressure control. Materials and methods: Retrospective and prospective observational study conducted at the Hypertension Clinic of the General Medicine Unit 1 (U.O.C. Medicina Generale 1), Ca' Foncello Hospital, Treviso, in patients aged ≥18 years with resistant hypertension according to the 2024 ESC guidelines. Clinical, laboratory, instrumental, and pharmacological data were collected, comparing baseline (T0) with the last follow-up (T1). Cardiovascular risk was stratified according to ESC (SCORE2), blood pressure control according to the 2024 ESC categories, and LDL targets according to the 2019 ESC/EAS recommendations. Results: A total of 121 patients were enrolled, with a mean age of 62.2 ± 14.1 years, of whom 47.1% were female. This was a population with a high burden of comorbidities: dyslipidemia was present in 77.7% of cases and diabetes mellitus in 19.8%, with 88.4% of patients at high or very-high cardiovascular risk. Despite already intensive treatment, with a mean of 3.99 ± 0.99 drug classes per patient, mean blood pressure at baseline was 144.5/82.2 mmHg. Approximately 70% of patients underwent a work-up for secondary hypertension. These patients were significantly younger than those not investigated (p<0.001). A secondary cause was identified in 10.7% of the entire cohort, and most cases were due to primary aldosteronism (8.3%). Regarding lipids, only 30.4% of patients achieved the LDL target for their risk category at baseline. At follow-up, 111 patients were re-evaluated, with a median observation period of 2.84 years (IQR 1.83–4.25). Blood pressure decreased significantly in both the systolic component (from 143.4 ± 24.31 to 128.1 ± 17.69 mmHg; p<0.001) and the diastolic component (from 82.3 ± 12.53 to 75.8 ± 10.38 mmHg; p<0.001), without significant changes in the number of antihypertensive classes used (p=0.527). Consequently, the proportion of patients with office hypertension decreased from 64.9% to 27.0%. The lipid profile also improved: the proportion of patients on lipid-lowering treatment increased from 59.5% to 86.5% (p<0.001), LDL levels fell from 95.3 to 70.5 mg/dL (p<0.001), and the proportion of patients at target almost doubled, from 27.0% to 53.9% (p<0.001). Conclusions: Our study described a cohort of patients with apparently resistant hypertension characterized by a high prevalence of cardiovascular comorbidities and dyslipidemia, with high or very-high cardiovascular risk in almost all cases. Screening for secondary causes yielded results in line with the literature. The therapeutic changes introduced at the outpatient evaluation significantly improved both blood pressure and lipid profiles. These results highlight how a specialist, personalized, and multimodal approach can positively affect cardiovascular risk factors in this complex population.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/116701