Background: angiotensin II receptor type 1 (AT1R) and endothelin-1 receptor type A (ETAR) are G protein-coupled receptors expressed on the surface of vascular myocytes, immune cells, endothelial cells, and fibroblasts. In addition to their physiological ligands, AT1R and ETAR are also activated by functional autoantibodies (AT1R-AAs and ETAR-AAs) causing vasoconstriction, secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines, and both collagen production in fibroblasts and reactive oxygen species (ROS) by endothelial cells, fibroblasts and neutrophils. While the pathophysiological involvement of AT1R-AAs and ETAR-AAs has been extensively documented in various medical conditions, such as graft-rejection, preeclampsia and systemic sclerosis, their precise role in atherosclerosis remains to be fully elucidated. Aim of the study: in light of the role of the RAAS and endothelin systems in atherosclerosis, the aim of this work is to evidence if there is a significant correlation between the serum level of these autoantibodies and patients’ clinical and radiological characteristics, alongside histological and immunofluorescence features in the carotid plaque. Materials and Methods: the study enrolled patients undergoing carotid endarterectomy, from whom blood samples and carotid atherosclerotic plaque were collected. Blood draws were processed to determine AT1R and ETAR-AAs titers. Pre-operative CT-angiography data of the supra-aortic trunks were analyzed to assess stenosis degree, plaque thickness, volume and composition, alongside the perivascular fat attenuation index (pFAI). Carotid artery samples were processed in order to assess histological and indirect immunofluorescence characteristics. Immune system, endothelial and vascular smooth muscle markers were evaluated. Results: data analysis suggest that AT1R-AAs titers are correlated with ETAR-AAs values (ρ = 0.82; p < 0.001), and that a median level of the former corresponds to an increased median level of the latter (12,4 [10,6-16,6] vs 8,4 [7,5-9,4]). Furthermore, the serum titer of AT1R-AAs was found to correlate with a decrease in pFAI (ρ = 0.38; p = 0.045), a relationship that did not occur for ETAR-AAs (ρ = 0.21; p = 0.27). In addition, a difference in the prevalence of atrial fibrillation (AF) emerged between the discordant antibody phenotype (AT1R-only/ETAR-only) and the concordant phenotype (double-positive/double-negative) (38.5% vs 6.0%; p = 0.0046), which remained significant even after adjustment for the main potential confounders. Histopathological analyses revealed a plaque phenotype typical of advanced lesions, not correlated with ETAR-AAs or AT1R-AAs levels. Immunofluorescence investigations showed a phenotype of VSMCs, endothelial cells, and the inflammatory infiltrate likewise features of advanced plaque, with tissue downregulation of AT1R and ETAR receptors. Conclusions: the study showed a significantly statistical correlation between AT1R-AA and ETAR-AA titers, supporting the synergistic action between the two autoantibodies. Furthermore, an association was observed between AT1R-AAs and a decrease in pFAI, suggesting augmented perivascular inflammation and increased plaque instability. Additionally, potential associations emerged between AF and the seropositivity for these autoantibodies; however, this finding is limited by the small sample size and warrants validation in larger cohorts. Overall, the data obtained from this study are consistent with a potential involvement of AT1R-AAs and ETAR-AAs in the initiation and progression of atherosclerosis, suggesting that their measurement could serve as a valuable biomarker for cardiovascular risk stratification.
Background: i recettori per l’angiotensina II di tipo 1 (AT1R) e per l’endotelina 1 di tipo A (ETAR) sono recettori accoppiati a proteine G espressi sulla superficie dI miociti vascolari, cellule immunitarie, cellule endoteliali e fibroblasti. Oltre ai propri ligandi fisiologici, AT1R ed ETAR sono attivati anche da autoanticorpi funzionanti (AT1R-AAs e ETAR-AAs), inducendo vasocostrizione, secrezione di citochine pro-infiammatorie e produzione sia di collagene nei fibroblasti, sia di ROS in cellule endoteliali, fibroblasti e neutrofili. Mentre il ruolo fisiopatologico degli AT1R-AAs ed ETAR-AAs è stato documentato estesamente in diverse condizioni mediche, come il rigetto post-trapianto, la preeclampsia e la sclerosi sistemica, resta ancora da spiegare in modo completo il loro coinvolgimento nell'aterosclerosi. Scopo dello studio: date le evidenze scientifiche a supporto di un ruolo dei sistemi RAAS ed endotelina nell'aterosclerosi, l’obiettivo di questo lavoro è di indagare se vi sia una associazione tra il livello ematico di questi anticorpi e le caratteristiche clinico-radiologiche dei pazienti, affiancandole alle immagini istologiche e di immunofluorescenza della placca aterosclerotica. Materiali e metodi: sono stati arruolati nello studio pazienti sottoposti a tromboendoarteriectomia carotidea, dai quali sono stati prelevati campioni ematici e la placca escissa. I prelievi ematici sono stati processati per misurare il livello degli ETAR-AAs e degli AT1R-AAs. Sono stati raccolti dati relativi all’angio-TC dei tronchi sovra-aortici pre-operatoria, valutando grado di stenosi, spessore, volume, composizione di placca e l’indice di attenuazione del grasso perivascolare (pFAI). Le placche carotidee sono state processate per analizzarne le caratteristiche istologiche e di immunofluorescenza indiretta. Sono stati analizzati marcatori del sistema immunitario, marcatori endoteliali e marcatori della componente muscolare. Risultati: l’analisi dei dati raccolti suggerisce che i valori di AT1R-AAs risultano correlati ai livelli di ETAR-AAs (ρ = 0.82; p < 0.001) e che ad un livello mediano dei primi corrisponda anche un aumento del livello mediano dei secondi (12,4 [10,6-16,6] vs 8,4 [7,5-9,4]). Inoltre, il titolo sierico di AT1R-AAs risulta correlato ad una diminuzione del pFAI (ρ = 0.38; p = 0.045), relazione non valida per gli ETAR-AAs (ρ = 0.21; p = 0.27). In aggiunta, si è rivelata una differenza di prevalenza di fibrillazione atriale (FA) tra fenotipo anticorpale discordant (AT1R-only/ETAR-only) e concordant (double positive/double-negative) (38,5% vs 6,0%; p = 0,0046), anche dopo aggiustamento per i principali potenziali confondenti. Dalle analisi istopatologiche è emerso un fenotipo di placca tipico delle lesioni avanzate non correlabile ai livelli di ETAR-AAs o AT1R-AAs Dalle analisi di immunofluorescenza si rileva un fenotipo delle vSMCs, delle cellule endoteliali e dell’infiltrato infiammatorio tipico della placca avanzata, con downregolazione tissutale dei recettori AT1R ed ETAR. Conclusioni: lo studio ha dimostrato una correlazione significativa tra titoli di AT1R-AAs ed ETAR-AAs, supportando l’azione sinergica dei due autoanticorpi. Inoltre, è stata dimostrata l’associazione tra AT1R-AAs e una diminuzione del pFAI, aumentando l’infiammazione perivascolare l’instabilità di placca. In aggiunta, sono emerse delle potenziali associazioni tra FA e la positività a questi autoanticorpi, che risente però della ridotta numerosità campionaria e dovrà essere validata su coorti più ampie. Infine, è stato allestito uno studio pilota di istologia e immunofluorescenza, essenziale per permettere la riproducibilità dell’indagine su tessuto e implementare la numerosità campionaria. Nel complesso, i dati ottenuti sono coerenti con un possibile ruolo di AT1R-AAs ed ETAR-AAs nell’aterosclerosi e suggeriscono il loro dosaggio come potenziale marker di stratificazione del rischio cardiovascolare.
Autoanticorpi attivanti AT1R ed ETAR nella fisiopatologia della placca carotidea: correlazioni istologiche e caratterizzazione clinica
PEDRIALI, MATTEO
2025/2026
Abstract
Background: angiotensin II receptor type 1 (AT1R) and endothelin-1 receptor type A (ETAR) are G protein-coupled receptors expressed on the surface of vascular myocytes, immune cells, endothelial cells, and fibroblasts. In addition to their physiological ligands, AT1R and ETAR are also activated by functional autoantibodies (AT1R-AAs and ETAR-AAs) causing vasoconstriction, secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines, and both collagen production in fibroblasts and reactive oxygen species (ROS) by endothelial cells, fibroblasts and neutrophils. While the pathophysiological involvement of AT1R-AAs and ETAR-AAs has been extensively documented in various medical conditions, such as graft-rejection, preeclampsia and systemic sclerosis, their precise role in atherosclerosis remains to be fully elucidated. Aim of the study: in light of the role of the RAAS and endothelin systems in atherosclerosis, the aim of this work is to evidence if there is a significant correlation between the serum level of these autoantibodies and patients’ clinical and radiological characteristics, alongside histological and immunofluorescence features in the carotid plaque. Materials and Methods: the study enrolled patients undergoing carotid endarterectomy, from whom blood samples and carotid atherosclerotic plaque were collected. Blood draws were processed to determine AT1R and ETAR-AAs titers. Pre-operative CT-angiography data of the supra-aortic trunks were analyzed to assess stenosis degree, plaque thickness, volume and composition, alongside the perivascular fat attenuation index (pFAI). Carotid artery samples were processed in order to assess histological and indirect immunofluorescence characteristics. Immune system, endothelial and vascular smooth muscle markers were evaluated. Results: data analysis suggest that AT1R-AAs titers are correlated with ETAR-AAs values (ρ = 0.82; p < 0.001), and that a median level of the former corresponds to an increased median level of the latter (12,4 [10,6-16,6] vs 8,4 [7,5-9,4]). Furthermore, the serum titer of AT1R-AAs was found to correlate with a decrease in pFAI (ρ = 0.38; p = 0.045), a relationship that did not occur for ETAR-AAs (ρ = 0.21; p = 0.27). In addition, a difference in the prevalence of atrial fibrillation (AF) emerged between the discordant antibody phenotype (AT1R-only/ETAR-only) and the concordant phenotype (double-positive/double-negative) (38.5% vs 6.0%; p = 0.0046), which remained significant even after adjustment for the main potential confounders. Histopathological analyses revealed a plaque phenotype typical of advanced lesions, not correlated with ETAR-AAs or AT1R-AAs levels. Immunofluorescence investigations showed a phenotype of VSMCs, endothelial cells, and the inflammatory infiltrate likewise features of advanced plaque, with tissue downregulation of AT1R and ETAR receptors. Conclusions: the study showed a significantly statistical correlation between AT1R-AA and ETAR-AA titers, supporting the synergistic action between the two autoantibodies. Furthermore, an association was observed between AT1R-AAs and a decrease in pFAI, suggesting augmented perivascular inflammation and increased plaque instability. Additionally, potential associations emerged between AF and the seropositivity for these autoantibodies; however, this finding is limited by the small sample size and warrants validation in larger cohorts. Overall, the data obtained from this study are consistent with a potential involvement of AT1R-AAs and ETAR-AAs in the initiation and progression of atherosclerosis, suggesting that their measurement could serve as a valuable biomarker for cardiovascular risk stratification.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/116705