Background: In polytrauma patients, thoracic trauma occurs in 60% of cases and is the third leading cause of mortality, preceded only by abdominal and head injuries. Thoracic trauma inherently carries the risk of lung damage and, consequently, the need for ventilatory support, either non-invasive (NIV) or invasive through orotracheal intubation (OTI). The high incidence of this condition calls for both the stratification of patients according to risk factors able to predict an unfavorable outcome and the identification of an effective and feasible method to assess the extent and evolution of lung injury over time. Study Objective: This thesis, part of the TRACTIONS study, has two objectives: to assess the evolution of the Lung Ultrasound Score (LUS score) in the first 7 days after blunt chest trauma and how its trajectory differs between patients who require ventilatory support and those who do not; to determine which baseline and trauma severity factors, including the LUS score, predict the need for OTI sustained for ≥2 consecutive days or the sustained use of NIV and/or OTI for ≥2 consecutive days. Materials and methods: The prospective, observational TRACTIONS study, conducted in 15 Italian centers, enrolled adults admitted to the Emergency Department with blunt chest trauma who met the following inclusion criteria: T-AIS ≥2 injury, Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) score above 8, and no pre-hospital intubation. Recruitment took place from November 2022 to August 2026 and is still ongoing. Patients are followed from day 0 to day 7 after trauma with a daily 12-zone lung ultrasound, assigning each area a score from 0 to 3 according to the degree of lung aeration. The total LUS score (0-36) was obtained by summing the scores of the 12 areas. Results: The preliminary analysis was conducted on 702 patients: 98 required NIV and/or OTI for ≥2 consecutive days, of whom 61 required OTI for ≥2 consecutive days. The posterior regions showed the highest proportion of severe abnormalities and a progressive increase in score 3 over time, but also the highest proportion of non-assessable areas. Patients with outcome showed a tendentially higher baseline LUS score, increasing until the intermediate days and subsequently decreasing. Adjusting for the covariates at admission, the mean LUS score was associated with both the composite outcome of NIV and/or OTI and with OTI alone, whereas the temporal slope showed only a trend towards a higher risk of OTI, with no defined direction for the composite outcome. In the discrete-time model, a higher LUS score on the previous day was associated with a higher risk of ventilatory escalation on the following day (for both OTI and the composite outcome). Conclusions: These results suggest that the serial LUS score could be integrated into the daily monitoring of patients with blunt chest trauma as an early indicator of the risk of ventilatory escalation. Its use could allow surveillance to be adjusted and support to be anticipated, avoiding escalation in emergency conditions. Given its characteristics, such as repeatability, absence of ionizing radiation and bedside feasibility, ultrasound appears complementary, and not alternative, to the admission CT scan. Integrating the LUS score into daily monitoring, while requiring further studies, could represent a step towards dynamic and timely risk stratification.
Background: Nel paziente politraumatizzato, il trauma toracico si presenta nel 60% dei casi e costituisce la terza causa di mortalità, preceduto soltanto dai traumi addominali e cranici. Il trauma toracico comporta intrinsecamente la possibilità di sviluppare un danno polmonare e, di conseguenza, la necessità di ricorrere alla ventilazione, sia non invasiva (NIV) sia invasiva mediante intubazione orotracheale (IOT). L'elevata incidenza di questa condizione rende necessaria sia una stratificazione dei pazienti in base alla presenza di fattori di rischio in grado di predire un outcome sfavorevole, sia l’identificazione di una metodica efficace e fattibile per valutare l'entità e l’evoluzione delle lesioni polmonari nel tempo. Scopo dello studio: La presente tesi, inserita nell’ambito dello studio TRACTIONS, presenta due obiettivi: valutare l’evoluzione del Lung Ultrasound Score (LUS score) nei primi sette giorni dopo un trauma toracico chiuso e come la sua traiettoria differisca tra i pazienti che necessitano di supporto ventilatorio e quelli che non ne necessitano; valutare quali fattori basali e legati alla gravità del trauma, incluso il punteggio LUS, predicono la necessità di IOT sostenuta per ≥ 2 giorni consecutivi o il ricorso sostenuto a NIV e/o IOT per ≥ 2 giorni consecutivi. Materiali e metodi: Lo studio prospettico e osservazionale TRACTIONS, condotto presso 15 centri italiani, ha arruolato soggetti maggiorenni giunti in Pronto Soccorso con trauma toracico chiuso che presentavano i seguenti criteri di inclusione: lesione T-AIS ≥ 2, punteggio alla Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) superiore a 8 e assenza di intubazione nella fase pre-ospedaliera. Il periodo di reclutamento si è svolto da novembre 2022 ad agosto 2026 ed è tuttora in corso. I pazienti vengono seguiti dal giorno 0 al giorno 7 dal trauma mediante un’ecografia polmonare giornaliera a 12 campi, con assegnazione di un punteggio da 0 a 3 per ciascuna area a seconda del grado di aerazione polmonare. Il LUS score totale (0-36) è poi stato ottenuto sommando i punteggi delle 12 aree. Risultati: L'analisi preliminare è stata condotta su 702 pazienti: 98 hanno richiesto NIV e/o IOT per ≥ 2 giorni consecutivi, di cui 61 IOT per ≥ 2 giorni consecutivi. I settori posteriori presentano la percentuale maggiore di alterazioni severe e un aumento progressivo dello score 3 nel tempo, ma anche la maggiore quota di aree non valutabili. I pazienti con esito mostrano un LUS score basale tendenzialmente più alto e in aumento fino ai giorni intermedi, con successiva riduzione. A parità delle covariate all'ingresso, il LUS score medio è risultato associato sia all'esito composito NIV e/o IOT sia alla sola IOT, mentre la pendenza temporale ha mostrato solo una tendenza verso un maggior rischio di IOT, senza direzione definita per l'esito composito. Nel modello a tempo discreto, un LUS score più elevato il giorno precedente è risultato associato a un maggior rischio di escalation ventilatoria il giorno seguente (sia per IOT sia per esito composito). Conclusioni: Questi risultati suggeriscono che il LUS score seriato possa essere integrato nel monitoraggio quotidiano del paziente con trauma toracico chiuso come indicatore precoce di rischio di escalation ventilatoria. Il suo utilizzo potrebbe consentire di modulare la sorveglianza e di anticipare il supporto, evitando un'escalation in condizioni di emergenza. L’ecografia, per le sue caratteristiche quali la ripetibilità, l’assenza di radiazioni ionizzanti e la possibilità di esecuzione al letto del paziente, appare complementare, e non alternativa, alla TC di ammissione. L'integrazione del LUS score nel monitoraggio quotidiano, pur richiedendo ulteriori studi, potrebbe rappresentare un passo verso una stratificazione del rischio dinamica e tempestiva.
Studio TRACTIONS – Ecoscopia polmonare (LUS) nel trauma toracico chiuso: fattibilità e valore predittivo di intubazione orotracheale. Analisi preliminare.
DE BONI, ELISABETTA
2025/2026
Abstract
Background: In polytrauma patients, thoracic trauma occurs in 60% of cases and is the third leading cause of mortality, preceded only by abdominal and head injuries. Thoracic trauma inherently carries the risk of lung damage and, consequently, the need for ventilatory support, either non-invasive (NIV) or invasive through orotracheal intubation (OTI). The high incidence of this condition calls for both the stratification of patients according to risk factors able to predict an unfavorable outcome and the identification of an effective and feasible method to assess the extent and evolution of lung injury over time. Study Objective: This thesis, part of the TRACTIONS study, has two objectives: to assess the evolution of the Lung Ultrasound Score (LUS score) in the first 7 days after blunt chest trauma and how its trajectory differs between patients who require ventilatory support and those who do not; to determine which baseline and trauma severity factors, including the LUS score, predict the need for OTI sustained for ≥2 consecutive days or the sustained use of NIV and/or OTI for ≥2 consecutive days. Materials and methods: The prospective, observational TRACTIONS study, conducted in 15 Italian centers, enrolled adults admitted to the Emergency Department with blunt chest trauma who met the following inclusion criteria: T-AIS ≥2 injury, Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) score above 8, and no pre-hospital intubation. Recruitment took place from November 2022 to August 2026 and is still ongoing. Patients are followed from day 0 to day 7 after trauma with a daily 12-zone lung ultrasound, assigning each area a score from 0 to 3 according to the degree of lung aeration. The total LUS score (0-36) was obtained by summing the scores of the 12 areas. Results: The preliminary analysis was conducted on 702 patients: 98 required NIV and/or OTI for ≥2 consecutive days, of whom 61 required OTI for ≥2 consecutive days. The posterior regions showed the highest proportion of severe abnormalities and a progressive increase in score 3 over time, but also the highest proportion of non-assessable areas. Patients with outcome showed a tendentially higher baseline LUS score, increasing until the intermediate days and subsequently decreasing. Adjusting for the covariates at admission, the mean LUS score was associated with both the composite outcome of NIV and/or OTI and with OTI alone, whereas the temporal slope showed only a trend towards a higher risk of OTI, with no defined direction for the composite outcome. In the discrete-time model, a higher LUS score on the previous day was associated with a higher risk of ventilatory escalation on the following day (for both OTI and the composite outcome). Conclusions: These results suggest that the serial LUS score could be integrated into the daily monitoring of patients with blunt chest trauma as an early indicator of the risk of ventilatory escalation. Its use could allow surveillance to be adjusted and support to be anticipated, avoiding escalation in emergency conditions. Given its characteristics, such as repeatability, absence of ionizing radiation and bedside feasibility, ultrasound appears complementary, and not alternative, to the admission CT scan. Integrating the LUS score into daily monitoring, while requiring further studies, could represent a step towards dynamic and timely risk stratification.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/116713