In mechanically ventilated patients with acute hypoxemic respiratory failure (AHRF) and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), intra-abdominal hypertension (IAH) can impair respiratory mechanics by inducing a cephalad displacement of the diaphragm and increasing intrathoracic pressures. Although abdomino-thoracic transmission (ATT) of pressure is well recognized, its precise quantification, stability during PEEP titration, and dependence on the elastic properties of the individual components of the respiratory system remain incompletely understood. The primary objective of this study was to characterize the pattern of intra-abdominal pressure (IAP) transmission to intrathoracic pressures (esophageal pressure (Pes), transpulmonary pressure (PL) and airway pressure (Paw)) as well as gastric pressure (Pga), during a decremental PEEP trial, while evaluating the role of respiratory system elastic properties (chest wall elastance (Ecw), lung elastance (EL), and respiratory system elastance (Ers)). The secondary objective was to determine whether the pressure transmission differs in patients with overt IAH compared to those with normal IAP. A prospective, single-center physiological study was conducted on 10 adult patients with AHRF receiving invasive mechanical ventilation (PaO2/FiO2 < 300 mmHg). Patients underwent a decremental PEEP trial (from 20 to 8 cmH2O) with continuous monitoring of transvesical IAP and Pes via an esophageal balloon catheter (validated using the positive pressure occlusion test). At PEEP levels of 20 and 10 cmH2O, an external abdominal load was applied to induce a controlled IAP increase of +5 mmHg. Statistical analysis was performed using linear mixed-effects models (both unadjusted and adjusted for Ecw, EL, and Ers), random slope models to evaluate individual variability, and intra-class correlation coefficients (ICC). At end-expiration, for each 1 mmHg increase in IAP, a mean increase of 0.66 mmHg in Pes (95% CI: 0.49–0.82), 0.74 mmHg in Pga, and 0.15 mmHg in PEEP was observed, alongside a mean reduction of 0.65 mmHg in PL (95% CI: -0.79 to -0.50). Model adjustment for elastance covariates (Ecw, EL, Ers) confirmed the overall stability of this pattern (mean increase of 0.71 mmHg in Pes, 0.71 in Pga, and 0.41 in PEEP, with a mean reduction of 0.75 mmHg in PL per mmHg of IAP). The random slope analysis demonstrated minimal individual deviations from the population mean (0.71). The ICC was close to 1 for all variables, indicating high intra-individual consistency and attributing the majority of variance to inter-patient differences. At each PEEP level of the trial, both at end-expiration and end-inspiration, IAP transmitted differently across outcome variables; the magnitude of transmission decreased at higher PEEP levels for all variables except Pga, whose transmission remained constant across all PEEP levels without reaching statistical significance for the interaction term. Stratification between patients with (n=5) and without IAH revealed no substantial differences in the transmission pattern. Comparable findings were confirmed at end-inspiration (mean increase of 0.71 mmHg in end-inspiratory Pes, 0.80 in end-inspiratory Pga, and a mean reduction of 0.74 mmHg in end-inspiratory PL per mmHg of IAP), with the exception of plateau pressure (Pplat), which did not reach statistical significance (p > 0.05). Intra-abdominal pressure transmission to the intrathoracic compartment follows a highly predictable pattern, remaining essentially independent of individual elastic properties (Ecw, EL, Ers), the presence of IAH, and the phase of the respiratory cycle. These findings allow for the mathematical modeling of abdominal pressure effects on lung distending pressures, providing a rational tool for personalized PEEP titration and atelectrauma prevention, even in the absence of esophageal manometry measurements.
Nei pazienti con insufficienza respiratoria acuta ipossiemica (AHRF) e sindrome da distress respiratorio acuto (ARDS) in ventilazione meccanica invasiva (IMV), l'ipertensione intra-addominale (IAH) può alterare la meccanica respiratoria, inducendo uno spostamento cefalico del diaframma e aumentando le pressioni intratoraciche. Sebbene la trasmissione addomino-toracica (ATT) delle pressioni sia nota, la sua quantificazione, la sua stabilità durante la titolazione della PEEP e la sua dipendenza dalle proprietà elastiche delle diverse componenti del sistema respiratorio rimangono non completamente chiarite. L'obiettivo primario dello studio consiste nel caratterizzare il pattern di trasmissione della pressione intra-addominale (IAP) alle pressioni intratoraciche (pressione esofagea (Pes), pressione transpolmonare (PL) e pressione delle vie aeree (Paw)) e alla pressione gastrica (Pga), durante un trial decrementale di PEEP, valutando anche il ruolo delle proprietà elastiche del sistema respiratorio (elastanza della parete toracica (Ecw), polmonare (EL) e del sistema respiratorio (Ers)). L'obiettivo secondario è verificare se l'entità di tale trasmissione differisca nei pazienti con IAH conclamata rispetto ai soggetti con IAP normale. Uno studio fisiologico prospettico, monocentrico, è stato condotto su 10 pazienti adulti con AHRF sottoposti a IMV. I pazienti sono stati sottoposti a un trial decrementale di PEEP (da 20 a 8 cmH2O) con monitoraggio continuo della IAP transvescicale e della Pes mediante catetere a palloncino esofageo (validato tramite test di occlusione a pressione positiva). A livelli di PEEP di 20 e 10 cmH2O è stato applicato un carico ponderale addominale esterno per indurre un incremento controllato della IAP (+5 mmHg). L'analisi statistica è stata condotta mediante modelli lineari a effetti misti (unadjusted e aggiustati per Ecw, EL ed Ers), random slope test per la stima della variabilità individuale e coefficiente di correlazione intraclasse (ICC). A fine espirazione, per ogni aumento di 1 mmHg della IAP si è osservato un incremento medio di 0,66 mmHg della Pes (95% IC: 0,49-0,82), 0,74 mmHg della Pga e 0,15 mmHg della PEEP, a fronte di una riduzione media di 0,65 mmHg della PL (95% IC: -0,79 - -0,50). L'aggiustamento del modello per le covariate di elastanza (Ecw, EL, Ers) ha confermato la sostanziale stabilità del pattern (incremento medio di 0,71 mmHg della Pes, di 0,71 della Pga, di 0,41 della PEEP e riduzione media della PL di 0,75 mmHg per mmHg di IAP). Il random slope test ha confermato deviazioni individuali minime rispetto alla media complessiva (0,71). L'ICC è risultato prossimo a 1 per tutte le variabili, indicando un'elevata coerenza intra-individuale e attribuendo la variabilità principale alle differenze inter-paziente. Per ogni livello di PEEP del trial, sia a fine espirazione che a fine inspirazione, la IAP si trasmette in maniera diversa alle variabili outcome, l’entità della trasmissione è minore all’aumentare dei livelli di PEEP per tutte le variabili, tranne Pga, la cui trasmissione rimane pressoché costante a ogni livello di PEEP, l’interazione non raggiunge la significatività statistica. La stratificazione tra pazienti con IAH (n=5) e senza IAH non ha mostrato differenze sostanziali nel pattern di trasmissione. Risultati sovrapponibili sono stati confermati a fine inspirazione, a eccezione della Pplat che non ha raggiunto la significatività statistica (p > 0,05). La trasmissione della IAP al compartimento intratoracico segue un pattern altamente prevedibile, risultando sostanzialmente indipendente dalle proprietà elastiche individuali, dalla presenza di IAH e dalla fase del ciclo respiratorio. Tali evidenze permettono di modellizzare l'impatto della IAP sulle pressioni di distensione polmonare, offrendo uno strumento per la titolazione personalizzata della PEEP e la prevenzione dell'atelectrauma, anche senza l’impiego di misure di manometria esofagea.
Studio fisiologico della relazione tra pressioni toraciche e addominali durante PEEP trial decrementale in pazienti con insufficienza respiratoria acuta ipossiemica in corso di ventilazione invasiva
GALLO, ANNA
2025/2026
Abstract
In mechanically ventilated patients with acute hypoxemic respiratory failure (AHRF) and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), intra-abdominal hypertension (IAH) can impair respiratory mechanics by inducing a cephalad displacement of the diaphragm and increasing intrathoracic pressures. Although abdomino-thoracic transmission (ATT) of pressure is well recognized, its precise quantification, stability during PEEP titration, and dependence on the elastic properties of the individual components of the respiratory system remain incompletely understood. The primary objective of this study was to characterize the pattern of intra-abdominal pressure (IAP) transmission to intrathoracic pressures (esophageal pressure (Pes), transpulmonary pressure (PL) and airway pressure (Paw)) as well as gastric pressure (Pga), during a decremental PEEP trial, while evaluating the role of respiratory system elastic properties (chest wall elastance (Ecw), lung elastance (EL), and respiratory system elastance (Ers)). The secondary objective was to determine whether the pressure transmission differs in patients with overt IAH compared to those with normal IAP. A prospective, single-center physiological study was conducted on 10 adult patients with AHRF receiving invasive mechanical ventilation (PaO2/FiO2 < 300 mmHg). Patients underwent a decremental PEEP trial (from 20 to 8 cmH2O) with continuous monitoring of transvesical IAP and Pes via an esophageal balloon catheter (validated using the positive pressure occlusion test). At PEEP levels of 20 and 10 cmH2O, an external abdominal load was applied to induce a controlled IAP increase of +5 mmHg. Statistical analysis was performed using linear mixed-effects models (both unadjusted and adjusted for Ecw, EL, and Ers), random slope models to evaluate individual variability, and intra-class correlation coefficients (ICC). At end-expiration, for each 1 mmHg increase in IAP, a mean increase of 0.66 mmHg in Pes (95% CI: 0.49–0.82), 0.74 mmHg in Pga, and 0.15 mmHg in PEEP was observed, alongside a mean reduction of 0.65 mmHg in PL (95% CI: -0.79 to -0.50). Model adjustment for elastance covariates (Ecw, EL, Ers) confirmed the overall stability of this pattern (mean increase of 0.71 mmHg in Pes, 0.71 in Pga, and 0.41 in PEEP, with a mean reduction of 0.75 mmHg in PL per mmHg of IAP). The random slope analysis demonstrated minimal individual deviations from the population mean (0.71). The ICC was close to 1 for all variables, indicating high intra-individual consistency and attributing the majority of variance to inter-patient differences. At each PEEP level of the trial, both at end-expiration and end-inspiration, IAP transmitted differently across outcome variables; the magnitude of transmission decreased at higher PEEP levels for all variables except Pga, whose transmission remained constant across all PEEP levels without reaching statistical significance for the interaction term. Stratification between patients with (n=5) and without IAH revealed no substantial differences in the transmission pattern. Comparable findings were confirmed at end-inspiration (mean increase of 0.71 mmHg in end-inspiratory Pes, 0.80 in end-inspiratory Pga, and a mean reduction of 0.74 mmHg in end-inspiratory PL per mmHg of IAP), with the exception of plateau pressure (Pplat), which did not reach statistical significance (p > 0.05). Intra-abdominal pressure transmission to the intrathoracic compartment follows a highly predictable pattern, remaining essentially independent of individual elastic properties (Ecw, EL, Ers), the presence of IAH, and the phase of the respiratory cycle. These findings allow for the mathematical modeling of abdominal pressure effects on lung distending pressures, providing a rational tool for personalized PEEP titration and atelectrauma prevention, even in the absence of esophageal manometry measurements.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/116715