Background Selecting an appropriate level of positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) is a key component of mechanical ventilation. However, in patients undergoing pressure support ventilation (PSV), the optimal approach for individualized PEEP titration remains unclear. Electrical impedance tomography (EIT) enables dynamic assessment of regional ventilation and, using hypertonic saline boluses, pulmonary perfusion. This study evaluated the effects of different PEEP levels on ventilation/perfusion (V/Q) matching and compared the PEEP associated with the best V/Q match with that identified using ventilation-based criteria. The effect of hypertonic saline boluses on serum sodium was also assessed. Materials and Methods A prospective, single-center physiological study was conducted in 15 patients receiving invasive mechanical ventilation in PSV. An incremental PEEP trial from 4 to 14 cmH₂O was performed, with 2 cmH₂O increments every 10 minutes, during EIT and esophageal pressure monitoring. Pulmonary perfusion was assessed using intravenous 5% hypertonic saline boluses. Lung pixels were classified as matched, shunt-like, or dead-space-like. Respiratory and hemodynamic variables, including lung collapse and overdistension, transpulmonary pressure, and respiratory drive, were also assessed. The overall effect of PEEP was evaluated using repeated-measures ANOVA, while serum sodium levels at PEEP 4 and 14 cmH₂O were compared using a paired t-test. Results No significant overall effect of PEEP on V/Q matching was observed (p=0.506), despite substantial interindividual variability. Neither the dead-space-like nor the shunt-like fraction changed significantly (p=0.613 and p=0.057, respectively). Increasing PEEP was associated with a significant reduction in lung collapse and an increase in overdistension (both p<0.001), together with increases in end-expiratory transpulmonary pressure (p<0.001) and P0.1 (p=0.001). Exact agreement between the PEEP associated with the best V/Q match and that identified by balancing collapse and overdistension was 13.3%; the same agreement was observed for the ΔEELI-based criterion. Mean serum sodium increased by 1.47 mmol/L (95% CI: 0.22–2.71). Conclusions No uniform effect of PEEP on V/Q matching was identified in patients undergoing PSV, while substantial interindividual heterogeneity was observed. The limited agreement among different PEEP selection criteria suggests that the optimal PEEP level may depend on the physiological target considered, highlighting the importance of an individualized assessment. Hypertonic saline boluses had a limited mean impact on serum sodium. The small sample size and single-center design warrant caution when generalizing these findings, and further studies are needed to determine whether V/Q-guided PEEP titration may translate into clinically relevant benefits.
Presupposti dello studio La selezione di un livello appropriato di pressione positiva di fine espirazione (PEEP) rappresenta un aspetto fondamentale della ventilazione meccanica. Tuttavia, nei pazienti sottoposti a ventilazione a pressione di supporto (PSV) rimane poco chiaro quale sia il metodo migliore per personalizzarne la titolazione. La tomografia a impedenza elettrica (EIT) consente di valutare dinamicamente la distribuzione regionale della ventilazione e, mediante boli di soluzione salina ipertonica, della perfusione polmonare. Lo studio ha valutato l’effetto di differenti livelli di PEEP sul match ventilo-perfusorio (V/Q), confrontando il livello associato al miglior match con quello individuato mediante criteri basati sulla ventilazione. È stato inoltre valutato l’effetto dei boli di soluzione ipertonica sulla natriemia. Materiali e metodi È stato condotto uno studio fisiologico prospettico monocentrico su 15 pazienti sottoposti a ventilazione meccanica invasiva in PSV. È stato eseguito un PEEP trial incrementale da 4 a 14 cmH₂O, con incrementi di 2 cmH₂O ogni 10 minuti, durante monitoraggio con EIT e manometria esofagea. La perfusione polmonare è stata valutata mediante boli endovenosi di soluzione salina ipertonica al 5%. I pixel polmonari sono stati classificati come matched, shunt-like o dead-space-like. Sono stati inoltre analizzati parametri di fisiologia respiratoria ed emodinamici, tra cui collasso, sovradistensione, pressione transpolmonare e drive respiratorio. L’effetto globale della PEEP è stato valutato mediante ANOVA a misure ripetute; la natriemia a PEEP 4 e 14 cmH₂O mediante t-test per dati appaiati. Risultati Non è emerso un effetto globale significativo della PEEP sul match V/Q (p=0,506), a fronte di un’ampia variabilità interindividuale. Le componenti dead-space-like e shunt-like non hanno mostrato variazioni significative (p=0,613 e p=0,057, rispettivamente). All’aumentare della PEEP si sono invece osservati una riduzione significativa del collasso e un aumento della sovradistensione (entrambi p<0,001), associati a un incremento della pressione transpolmonare di fine espirazione (p<0,001) e della P0.1 (p=0,001). La concordanza esatta tra la PEEP associata al miglior match V/Q e quella individuata mediante bilanciamento tra collasso e sovradistensione è risultata del 13,3%; la stessa concordanza è stata osservata con il criterio basato sulla ΔEELI. La natriemia è aumentata mediamente di 1,47 mmol/L (IC 95%: 0,22–2,71). Conclusioni Nei pazienti in PSV non è stato identificato un effetto uniforme della PEEP sul match V/Q, mentre è emersa una notevole eterogeneità delle risposte individuali. La ridotta concordanza tra i diversi criteri di selezione suggerisce che il livello ottimale di PEEP possa dipendere dall’obiettivo fisiologico considerato, evidenziando l’importanza di una valutazione personalizzata. L’impatto dei boli di soluzione ipertonica sulla natriemia è risultato contenuto. La ridotta numerosità campionaria e il carattere monocentrico richiedono cautela nella generalizzazione dei risultati e ulteriori studi per valutare il potenziale beneficio clinico di una titolazione della PEEP guidata dal match V/Q.
Effetto della Pressione Positiva di Fine Espirazione sul Match Ventilo-Perfusorio in Ventilazione a Pressione di Supporto
VIDOTTO, ALESSANDRO
2025/2026
Abstract
Background Selecting an appropriate level of positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) is a key component of mechanical ventilation. However, in patients undergoing pressure support ventilation (PSV), the optimal approach for individualized PEEP titration remains unclear. Electrical impedance tomography (EIT) enables dynamic assessment of regional ventilation and, using hypertonic saline boluses, pulmonary perfusion. This study evaluated the effects of different PEEP levels on ventilation/perfusion (V/Q) matching and compared the PEEP associated with the best V/Q match with that identified using ventilation-based criteria. The effect of hypertonic saline boluses on serum sodium was also assessed. Materials and Methods A prospective, single-center physiological study was conducted in 15 patients receiving invasive mechanical ventilation in PSV. An incremental PEEP trial from 4 to 14 cmH₂O was performed, with 2 cmH₂O increments every 10 minutes, during EIT and esophageal pressure monitoring. Pulmonary perfusion was assessed using intravenous 5% hypertonic saline boluses. Lung pixels were classified as matched, shunt-like, or dead-space-like. Respiratory and hemodynamic variables, including lung collapse and overdistension, transpulmonary pressure, and respiratory drive, were also assessed. The overall effect of PEEP was evaluated using repeated-measures ANOVA, while serum sodium levels at PEEP 4 and 14 cmH₂O were compared using a paired t-test. Results No significant overall effect of PEEP on V/Q matching was observed (p=0.506), despite substantial interindividual variability. Neither the dead-space-like nor the shunt-like fraction changed significantly (p=0.613 and p=0.057, respectively). Increasing PEEP was associated with a significant reduction in lung collapse and an increase in overdistension (both p<0.001), together with increases in end-expiratory transpulmonary pressure (p<0.001) and P0.1 (p=0.001). Exact agreement between the PEEP associated with the best V/Q match and that identified by balancing collapse and overdistension was 13.3%; the same agreement was observed for the ΔEELI-based criterion. Mean serum sodium increased by 1.47 mmol/L (95% CI: 0.22–2.71). Conclusions No uniform effect of PEEP on V/Q matching was identified in patients undergoing PSV, while substantial interindividual heterogeneity was observed. The limited agreement among different PEEP selection criteria suggests that the optimal PEEP level may depend on the physiological target considered, highlighting the importance of an individualized assessment. Hypertonic saline boluses had a limited mean impact on serum sodium. The small sample size and single-center design warrant caution when generalizing these findings, and further studies are needed to determine whether V/Q-guided PEEP titration may translate into clinically relevant benefits.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/116718