The annual financial statement has long served as the primary tool through which a company communicates its economic, asset, and financial position to the market and stakeholders. In recent decades, an increasingly complex market and the continuous updating of Italian and European accounting standards have necessitated the modernization and improvement of financial statement analysis tools. Simultaneously, the rise of Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) criteria has introduced a new dimension for evaluating corporate performance—one that is no longer limited to economic and financial results but extends to the company's overall sustainability. This study aims to analyze the extent to which integrating ESG indicators alongside traditional financial statement tools can contribute to a more comprehensive and reliable assessment of corporate performance, and whether the data in the case study under review demonstrate a genuine link between sustainability outcomes and financial statement figures. The analysis is structured into four chapters. The first outlines the regulatory and conceptual framework of the annual financial statement, examining the legal and professional sources governing its preparation; particular attention is paid to the "true and fair view" principle, the postulates of preparation, and the central role of shareholders' equity as a guarantee for third parties. The second chapter addresses the main methodologies for analyzing corporate performance, illustrating the process of reclassifying financial statement formats and the use of intermediate margins and ratios—covering profitability, solidity, liquidity, growth, and productivity—as tools to interpret the efficiency and economic-financial sustainability of operations. The third chapter focuses on the dimension of sustainability, introducing the ESG pillars and the concept of double materiality, while describing the evolution of European regulations—from the Non-Financial Reporting Directive to the Corporate Sustainability Reporting Directive (CSRD) and the associated European Sustainability Reporting Standards (ESRS). The study also examines key reporting standards, the role of ESG rating agencies, and the link between sustainability, the cost of capital, and financial performance, as well as the implications of sustainability reporting for unlisted Italian companies. The fourth chapter applies the tools discussed to a real-world case study, analyzing financial statements and performance indicators for the 2023–2024 period alongside corporate ESG data, with the aim of assessing the actual impact of sustainability policies on the company’s financial results and competitiveness. Thus, the thesis offers not only an overview of traditional and innovative financial analysis tools but also a reflection on the evolving concept of performance—increasingly defined today by a holistic assessment that integrates economic results with sustainability.
Il bilancio d’esercizio rappresenta da sempre il principale strumento attraverso cui un’azienda comunica al mercato e agli stakeholder la propria situazione economica, patrimoniale e finanziaria. Negli ultimi decenni, un mercato sempre più complesso e il continuo aggiornamento delle norme contabili italiane ed europee, hanno reso necessario l’aggiornamento e il miglioramento degli strumenti di analisi di bilancio. Allo stesso tempo, l’affermazione dei criteri ambientali, sociali e di governance (ESG) ha introdotto una nuova dimensione di valutazione delle performance aziendali, non più limitata ai soli risultati economico-finanziari ma estesa alla sostenibilità complessiva dell’impresa. Il presente elaborato mira ad analizzare in che misura l’integrazione degli indicatori ESG accanto ai tradizionali strumenti di bilancio possa contribuire a una valutazione più completa e affidabile delle performance aziendali, e se nel caso pratico esaminato i dati dimostrino una reale connessione tra i risultati di sostenibilità e i numeri del bilancio. L’analisi si articola in quattro capitoli. Il primo descrive il quadro normativo e concettuale del bilancio d’esercizio, analizzando le fonti giuridiche e professionali che ne disciplinano la redazione, con particolare attenzione alla clausola di rappresentazione veritiera e corretta, ai postulati di redazione e al ruolo centrale del Patrimonio Netto come strumento di garanzia verso terzi. Il secondo capitolo affronta le principali metodologie di analisi delle performance aziendali, illustrando il processo di riclassificazione degli schemi di bilancio e l’utilizzo dei margini intermedi e degli indici di redditività, solidità, liquidità, sviluppo e produttività, strumenti per interpretare l’efficienza e la sostenibilità economico-finanziaria della gestione. Il terzo capitolo è dedicato alla dimensione della sostenibilità, introducendo i pilastri ESG e il concetto di doppia materialità, descrivendo l’evoluzione della normativa europea, dalla Dichiarazione Non Finanziaria alla Direttiva CSRD e ai relativi standard ESRS. Vengono inoltre analizzati i principali standard di rendicontazione, il ruolo delle agenzie di rating ESG e il legame tra sostenibilità, costo del capitale e le performance finanziarie, nonché le implicazioni della rendicontazione di sostenibilità per le imprese italiane non quotate. Il quarto capitolo applica gli strumenti illustrati a un caso aziendale concreto, attraverso l’analisi del bilancio d’esercizio e degli indici di performance relativi al biennio 2023-2024, affiancata dall’analisi dei dati ESG aziendali, con l’obiettivo di verificare l’impatto reale delle politiche di sostenibilità sui risultati finanziari e sulla competitività dell’impresa. La tesi intende così offrire, oltre a una panoramica degli strumenti classici e innovativi di analisi di bilancio, una riflessione su come stia cambiando il concetto di performance, oggi sempre più legato a una valutazione complessiva che unisce i risultati economici alla sostenibilità.
Analisi delle performance aziendali attraverso i risultati di bilancio: dai margini operativi e indici tradizionali ai criteri ESG
RUZZON, MATTEO
2025/2026
Abstract
The annual financial statement has long served as the primary tool through which a company communicates its economic, asset, and financial position to the market and stakeholders. In recent decades, an increasingly complex market and the continuous updating of Italian and European accounting standards have necessitated the modernization and improvement of financial statement analysis tools. Simultaneously, the rise of Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) criteria has introduced a new dimension for evaluating corporate performance—one that is no longer limited to economic and financial results but extends to the company's overall sustainability. This study aims to analyze the extent to which integrating ESG indicators alongside traditional financial statement tools can contribute to a more comprehensive and reliable assessment of corporate performance, and whether the data in the case study under review demonstrate a genuine link between sustainability outcomes and financial statement figures. The analysis is structured into four chapters. The first outlines the regulatory and conceptual framework of the annual financial statement, examining the legal and professional sources governing its preparation; particular attention is paid to the "true and fair view" principle, the postulates of preparation, and the central role of shareholders' equity as a guarantee for third parties. The second chapter addresses the main methodologies for analyzing corporate performance, illustrating the process of reclassifying financial statement formats and the use of intermediate margins and ratios—covering profitability, solidity, liquidity, growth, and productivity—as tools to interpret the efficiency and economic-financial sustainability of operations. The third chapter focuses on the dimension of sustainability, introducing the ESG pillars and the concept of double materiality, while describing the evolution of European regulations—from the Non-Financial Reporting Directive to the Corporate Sustainability Reporting Directive (CSRD) and the associated European Sustainability Reporting Standards (ESRS). The study also examines key reporting standards, the role of ESG rating agencies, and the link between sustainability, the cost of capital, and financial performance, as well as the implications of sustainability reporting for unlisted Italian companies. The fourth chapter applies the tools discussed to a real-world case study, analyzing financial statements and performance indicators for the 2023–2024 period alongside corporate ESG data, with the aim of assessing the actual impact of sustainability policies on the company’s financial results and competitiveness. Thus, the thesis offers not only an overview of traditional and innovative financial analysis tools but also a reflection on the evolving concept of performance—increasingly defined today by a holistic assessment that integrates economic results with sustainability.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/117246