This dissertation investigates the cultural construction of the outcast within European Romanticism, employing Monster Culture Studies as the primary hermeneutical framework. The study aims to demonstrate how physical deformity and monstrosity in Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein and Victor Hugo’s Notre-Dame de Paris function not as intrinsic character defects, but as mirrors reflecting the hypocrisies, anxieties, and exclusionary dynamics of post-Enlightenment societies. Through a comparative approach grounded in the theoretical perspectives of J.J. Cohen, Michel Foucault (The Abnormals), and Franco Moretti, the research analyzes the "monster" as a tangible embodiment of collective fears and social tensions. The thesis is structured into three main sections: after contextualizing the Romantic era as an ideal incubator for the monstrous (torn between anxieties over English scientific progress and French social unrest) the study examines aberration in Shelley’s work. Here, the artificially assembled "wrong" body and subsequent paternal abandonment trigger a failure of integration, wherein visual ostracism ultimately transforms the victim into a perpetrator. Subsequently, the analysis shifts to the stigma of form in Hugo, interpreting Quasimodo through the aesthetics of the grotesque (as outlined in the Cromwell preface) and the spatiality of the cathedral: the outcast becomes both a freak-show spectacle and a scapegoat exposed to the crowd. Ultimately, the comparison between the geographic isolation of Shelley’s creature and the vertical marginalization of Quasimodo reveals how both English and French Romantic societies rejected incomprehensible alterity, utilizing the abnormal body to reaffirm the normative boundaries of modern society.
La presente ricerca indaga la costruzione culturale del reietto all'interno del panorama romantico europeo, assumendo i Monster Culture Studies come principale lente ermeneutica. L'obiettivo dello studio è dimostrare come la mostruosità e la deformità fisica in Frankenstein di Mary Shelley e in Notre-Dame de Paris di Victor Hugo non costituiscano un difetto intrinseco dei protagonisti, bensì uno specchio delle ipocrisie, delle ansie e delle dinamiche di esclusione proprie delle società post-illuministe. Avvalendosi di un approccio comparatistico e del supporto teorico di J.J. Cohen, Michel Foucault (Gli anormali) e Franco Moretti, l'elaborato analizza il "mostro" quale incarnazione tangibile delle paure collettive. Lo studio si articola in tre sezioni: dopo aver inquadrato la società romantica come incubatrice ideale per la genesi del mostruoso (scissa tra i timori per il progresso scientifico inglese e le tensioni sociali francesi) la tesi esamina l'aberrazione in Shelley. Qui, il corpo artificialmente assemblato e il conseguente abbandono paterno innescano un fallimento integrativo in cui l'ostracismo, basato sul terrore visivo, trasforma la vittima in carnefice. Successivamente, l'analisi si sposta sullo stigma della forma in Hugo, leggendo Quasimodo attraverso l'estetica del grottesco teorizzata nel Cromwell e la rigida spazialità della cattedrale: il diverso diviene fenomeno da baraccone e capro espiatorio esposto alla folla. Infine, il confronto tra l'isolamento geografico della creatura di Shelley e l'emarginazione verticale di Quasimodo conferma come entrambe le declinazioni del Romanticismo abbiano respinto l'alterità incomprensibile, codificando il corpo anormale per riaffermare le barriere normative della società moderna.
Anatomia dell’Esclusione: la diversità come specchio sociale del Romanticismo
MICHIELON, LUDOVICA
2025/2026
Abstract
This dissertation investigates the cultural construction of the outcast within European Romanticism, employing Monster Culture Studies as the primary hermeneutical framework. The study aims to demonstrate how physical deformity and monstrosity in Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein and Victor Hugo’s Notre-Dame de Paris function not as intrinsic character defects, but as mirrors reflecting the hypocrisies, anxieties, and exclusionary dynamics of post-Enlightenment societies. Through a comparative approach grounded in the theoretical perspectives of J.J. Cohen, Michel Foucault (The Abnormals), and Franco Moretti, the research analyzes the "monster" as a tangible embodiment of collective fears and social tensions. The thesis is structured into three main sections: after contextualizing the Romantic era as an ideal incubator for the monstrous (torn between anxieties over English scientific progress and French social unrest) the study examines aberration in Shelley’s work. Here, the artificially assembled "wrong" body and subsequent paternal abandonment trigger a failure of integration, wherein visual ostracism ultimately transforms the victim into a perpetrator. Subsequently, the analysis shifts to the stigma of form in Hugo, interpreting Quasimodo through the aesthetics of the grotesque (as outlined in the Cromwell preface) and the spatiality of the cathedral: the outcast becomes both a freak-show spectacle and a scapegoat exposed to the crowd. Ultimately, the comparison between the geographic isolation of Shelley’s creature and the vertical marginalization of Quasimodo reveals how both English and French Romantic societies rejected incomprehensible alterity, utilizing the abnormal body to reaffirm the normative boundaries of modern society.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/117341