This thesis examines the phenomenon of smart contracts through an interdisciplinary perspective that combines civil law, ethics, and legal informatics. The analysis begins with the theoretical origins of the concept, first formulated by Nick Szabo in the 1990s and subsequently made operational through the advent of blockchain technology and the Ethereum platform. The first part explores the distinction between the "smart contract code" (understood as merely self-executing software) and the "smart legal contract" (the legally binding agreement), highlighting the potential applications of this technology within Public Administration and Online Dispute Resolution (ODR) systems. The analysis then turns to the regulatory framework, examining the pioneering Italian legislation introduced by Article 8-ter of Decree-Law No. 135/2018, as well as recent developments at the European level, with particular reference to the Data Act, the Markets in Crypto-Assets Regulation (MiCA), and the challenges posed by the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) regarding data protection on immutable distributed ledgers. The third chapter focuses on the critical issue of the so-called "Semantic Gap": the tension between the inherent indeterminacy of legal language and the binary rigidity of computer code. In this context, the thesis analyses the resemanticization of the fundamental concepts of contract law, showing how notions such as consent and good faith must be reconciled with the determinism of algorithmic execution, which risks excluding the assessment of supervening circumstances and limiting judicial review. The thesis concludes by arguing that the traditional categories of civil law remain resilient. Rather than becoming obsolete, they require integration through hybrid models such as the split contracting model and Ricardian contracts. Accordingly, the smart contract is not conceived as a substitute for the legal contract but as an automated execution mechanism whose operation must remain subject to human judgment in order to preserve the humanistic values and principles of justice underpinning the legal system.
Il presente lavoro di tesi analizza il fenomeno degli smart contract attraverso una prospettiva interdisciplinare che coniuga il diritto civile, l'etica e l'informatica giuridica. L'indagine muove dalla genesi teorica del concetto, formulato da Nick Szabo negli anni '90 e concretizzatosi grazie all'avvento della tecnologia blockchain e della piattaforma Ethereum. Nella prima parte, viene approfondita la dicotomia tra lo "smart contract code" (inteso come mero software auto-esecutivo) e lo "smart legal contract" (l'accordo giuridicamente vincolante), esplorando le potenzialità della tecnologia nella Pubblica Amministrazione e nei sistemi di Online Dispute Resolution. L'analisi prosegue con l'inquadramento normativo, esaminando la pionieristica disciplina italiana di cui all'Art. 8-ter del D.L. 135/2018 e le recenti evoluzioni europee, con particolare riferimento al Data Act, al Regolamento MiCA e alle sfide poste dal GDPR in termini di protezione dei dati su registri immutabili. Il terzo capitolo si concentra sulle criticità legate al cosiddetto "Semantic Gap": la frizione tra l'indeterminatezza necessaria del linguaggio giuridico e la rigidità binaria del codice informatico. In questa sede si analizza la risemantizzazione dei termini prasseologici del diritto dei contratti, evidenziando come concetti quali il consenso e la buona fede debbano confrontarsi con il determinismo dell'esecuzione algoritmica, che rischia di escludere la valutazione delle sopravvenienze e il sindacato del giudice. Nelle conclusioni, si sostiene la tesi della resilienza delle categorie civilistiche tradizionali, le quali non appaiono superate ma necessitano di essere integrate attraverso modelli ibridi, come lo split contracting model e i contratti ricardiani. Lo smart contract viene dunque configurato non come un sostituto del contratto, ma come uno strumento esecutivo che richiede la persistenza del giudizio umano per preservare i valori umanistici e di giustizia del sistema giuridico.
Evoluzione e criticità etico-giuridiche degli smart contracts
IACOBELLIS, ELEONORA
2025/2026
Abstract
This thesis examines the phenomenon of smart contracts through an interdisciplinary perspective that combines civil law, ethics, and legal informatics. The analysis begins with the theoretical origins of the concept, first formulated by Nick Szabo in the 1990s and subsequently made operational through the advent of blockchain technology and the Ethereum platform. The first part explores the distinction between the "smart contract code" (understood as merely self-executing software) and the "smart legal contract" (the legally binding agreement), highlighting the potential applications of this technology within Public Administration and Online Dispute Resolution (ODR) systems. The analysis then turns to the regulatory framework, examining the pioneering Italian legislation introduced by Article 8-ter of Decree-Law No. 135/2018, as well as recent developments at the European level, with particular reference to the Data Act, the Markets in Crypto-Assets Regulation (MiCA), and the challenges posed by the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) regarding data protection on immutable distributed ledgers. The third chapter focuses on the critical issue of the so-called "Semantic Gap": the tension between the inherent indeterminacy of legal language and the binary rigidity of computer code. In this context, the thesis analyses the resemanticization of the fundamental concepts of contract law, showing how notions such as consent and good faith must be reconciled with the determinism of algorithmic execution, which risks excluding the assessment of supervening circumstances and limiting judicial review. The thesis concludes by arguing that the traditional categories of civil law remain resilient. Rather than becoming obsolete, they require integration through hybrid models such as the split contracting model and Ricardian contracts. Accordingly, the smart contract is not conceived as a substitute for the legal contract but as an automated execution mechanism whose operation must remain subject to human judgment in order to preserve the humanistic values and principles of justice underpinning the legal system.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/117480