This study examines the relationship between artificial intelligence and religious discrimination, with the aim of understanding how emerging technologies may affect the traditional protection of freedom of religion and the principle of non-discrimination. The first part of the research analyzes religious discrimination within the framework of traditional law, focusing on the relevant European and national legislation, with particular attention to the principles of direct and indirect discrimination and the main decisions adopted at the European level. The study then explores the definition and essential characteristics of artificial intelligence systems, the role of data, and the phenomenon of algorithmic bias, highlighting how automated systems that appear neutral may nevertheless produce discriminatory effects against individuals or communities. Particular attention is devoted to the impact of artificial intelligence on religious issues. Through an analysis of the scientific literature, European legislation, and selected real-world case studies, the thesis demonstrates how algorithms, digital platforms, and automated systems may influence the exercise of freedom of religion, giving rise to new forms of discrimination that are often difficult to identify and address. The research concludes that artificial intelligence does not create autonomous forms of discrimination; rather, it amplifies prejudices and inequalities that already exist within society. For this reason, it is necessary both to strengthen legal safeguards and to promote the responsible use of digital technologies in accordance with the principles of human dignity, equality, and religious pluralism, ensuring that technological innovation remains compatible with the protection of fundamental rights.
Questo studio analizza il rapporto tra intelligenza artificiale e discriminazione religiosa, con l'obiettivo di capire in che maniera le nuove tecnologie possono incidere sulle tradizionali forme di protezione della libertà religiosa e del principio di non discriminazione. Nella prima parte della ricerca viene analizzata la discriminazione religiosa nel diritto tradizionale, dove lo studio si concentra sulla legislazione europea e nazionale di riferimento, con particolare attenzione ai principi di discriminazione diretta e indiretta e alle principali decisioni prese in ambito europeo. In seguito, l'indagine prosegue con la definizione e le caratteristiche essenziali dei sistemi di intelligenza artificiale, sul ruolo dei dati e sul fenomeno dei bias algoritmici, mettendo in evidenza come i sistemi automatizzati all'apparenza neutrali possano causare effetti discriminatori nei confronti di soggetti o comunità. Una crescente attenzione è rivolta agli effetti dell'intelligenza artificiale sui fenomeni religiosi. Tramite lo studio della letteratura scientifica, della normativa europea e di alcuni casi reali, il lavoro mette in evidenza come algoritmi, piattaforme digitali e sistemi automatizzati possano condizionare l'esercizio della libertà di credo, favorendo nuove forme di discriminazione molte volte difficili da individuare e combattere. La ricerca mette in luce come l'intelligenza artificiale non costruisce forme autonome di discriminazione, ma amplifica pregiudizi e disuguaglianze già presenti nella società. Per questo motivo occorre da una parte un rafforzamento degli strumenti di tutela giuridica, e dall'altra un uso delle nuove tecnologie digitali che rispettino i principi di dignità umana, uguaglianza e pluralismo religioso, affinché l'innovazione tecnologica rimanga compatibile con la protezione dei diritti fondamentali.
Dio nell'algoritmo: come l'IA ridefinisce la discriminazione religiosa
PIROZZOLI, MARCO
2025/2026
Abstract
This study examines the relationship between artificial intelligence and religious discrimination, with the aim of understanding how emerging technologies may affect the traditional protection of freedom of religion and the principle of non-discrimination. The first part of the research analyzes religious discrimination within the framework of traditional law, focusing on the relevant European and national legislation, with particular attention to the principles of direct and indirect discrimination and the main decisions adopted at the European level. The study then explores the definition and essential characteristics of artificial intelligence systems, the role of data, and the phenomenon of algorithmic bias, highlighting how automated systems that appear neutral may nevertheless produce discriminatory effects against individuals or communities. Particular attention is devoted to the impact of artificial intelligence on religious issues. Through an analysis of the scientific literature, European legislation, and selected real-world case studies, the thesis demonstrates how algorithms, digital platforms, and automated systems may influence the exercise of freedom of religion, giving rise to new forms of discrimination that are often difficult to identify and address. The research concludes that artificial intelligence does not create autonomous forms of discrimination; rather, it amplifies prejudices and inequalities that already exist within society. For this reason, it is necessary both to strengthen legal safeguards and to promote the responsible use of digital technologies in accordance with the principles of human dignity, equality, and religious pluralism, ensuring that technological innovation remains compatible with the protection of fundamental rights.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/117486