The phenomenon of hikikomori, a Japanese term describing a state of voluntary and extreme social withdrawal that primarily affects adolescents and young adults, represents a growing educational and pedagogical emergency in Italy. Those affected tend to progressively isolate themselves within their own homes, interrupting or significantly reducing social, academic, and family relationships. Within this scenario, schools serve as a privileged observatory, as school refusal is often one of the first and most significant signs of distress. In this context, school principals occupy a crucial position both in managing daily critical issues and in coordinating institutional responses and support networks. The research question underlying this work is: how are school principals perceiving and addressing the phenomenon of hikikomori in the school context? The first part of the thesis is dedicated to a theoretical analysis of the phenomenon, with particular attention to the main interpretations found in the national and international scientific literature. This section explores the characteristics of social withdrawal, the challenges associated with defining and classifying the phenomenon, the potential factors involved in adolescent isolation, and the role played by family, school, and the community. The second part of the research presents the empirical investigation, conducted through semi-structured interviews with school principals from various institutions. The aim of the study is to understand how the phenomenon of hikikomori is recognized, interpreted, and addressed within the school context, examining the level of knowledge, the educational challenges identified, the strategies implemented by schools, and the value of collaborative networks between school, family, and the community in supporting and reintegrating students experiencing social withdrawal.
Il fenomeno dell’hikikomori, termine giapponese che descrive una condizione di ritiro sociale volontario ed estremo che interessa prevalentemente adolescenti e giovani adulti, rappresenta oggi un’emergenza educativa e pedagogica in costante crescita anche nel panorama italiano. I soggetti coinvolti tendono a isolarsi progressivamente all’interno della propria abitazione, interrompendo o riducendo significativamente le relazioni sociali, scolastiche e familiari. All’interno di questo scenario, l’istituzione scolastica si configura come un osservatorio privilegiato, in quanto il rifiuto della scuola costituisce frequentemente uno dei primi e più significativi segnali di manifestazione del disagio. In questo contesto, i dirigenti scolastici occupano una posizione di grande rilevanza sia nella gestione delle criticità quotidiane sia nel coordinamento delle risposte istituzionali e delle reti di supporto. La domanda di ricerca da cui prende avvio il lavoro è la seguente: come viene percepito e affrontato il fenomeno Hikikomori nel contesto scolastico dai dirigenti scolastici? La prima parte della tesi è dedicata all’analisi teorica del fenomeno, con particolare attenzione alle principali interpretazioni presenti nella letteratura scientifica nazionale e internazionale. In questa sezione vengono approfondite le caratteristiche del ritiro sociale, le difficoltà legate alla definizione e classificazione del fenomeno, i possibili fattori coinvolti nei percorsi di isolamento adolescenziale e il ruolo assunto dalla famiglia, dalla scuola e dalla comunità. La seconda parte della ricerca presenta invece l’indagine empirica, realizzata attraverso interviste semi-strutturate rivolte a dirigenti scolastici di vari istituti. L’obiettivo dell’indagine è comprendere come il fenomeno Hikikomori venga riconosciuto, interpretato e affrontato all’interno del contesto scolastico, approfondendo il livello di conoscenza, le criticità educative emerse, le strategie attivate dalle scuole e il valore delle reti di collaborazione tra scuola, famiglia e territorio nei percorsi di supporto e reinserimento degli studenti in situazioni di ritiro sociale.
Hikikomori e scuola: uno sguardo dal punto di vista dei dirigenti scolastici
MARSETTI, VALERIA
2025/2026
Abstract
The phenomenon of hikikomori, a Japanese term describing a state of voluntary and extreme social withdrawal that primarily affects adolescents and young adults, represents a growing educational and pedagogical emergency in Italy. Those affected tend to progressively isolate themselves within their own homes, interrupting or significantly reducing social, academic, and family relationships. Within this scenario, schools serve as a privileged observatory, as school refusal is often one of the first and most significant signs of distress. In this context, school principals occupy a crucial position both in managing daily critical issues and in coordinating institutional responses and support networks. The research question underlying this work is: how are school principals perceiving and addressing the phenomenon of hikikomori in the school context? The first part of the thesis is dedicated to a theoretical analysis of the phenomenon, with particular attention to the main interpretations found in the national and international scientific literature. This section explores the characteristics of social withdrawal, the challenges associated with defining and classifying the phenomenon, the potential factors involved in adolescent isolation, and the role played by family, school, and the community. The second part of the research presents the empirical investigation, conducted through semi-structured interviews with school principals from various institutions. The aim of the study is to understand how the phenomenon of hikikomori is recognized, interpreted, and addressed within the school context, examining the level of knowledge, the educational challenges identified, the strategies implemented by schools, and the value of collaborative networks between school, family, and the community in supporting and reintegrating students experiencing social withdrawal.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/117602