This thesis analyzes the historical, legal, and pedagogical evolution of the Italian model of school inclusion for students with disabilities, within both national and international contexts. The first part provides an evolutionary analysis of the concept of disability, tracing the shift from the medical model to the bio-psycho-social perspective, incorporating the principles of the 2006 UN Convention, as well as the frameworks of Disability Studies and the Capability Approach. Furthermore, it outlines the concept of disability within the Italian Constitution, offering an in-depth analysis of its legal definition. Subsequently, the study reviews the legislation that led to the establishment of today's school inclusion model, examining the transition from segregation to placement, up to the emergence of a culture of integration and, ultimately, an inclusive perspective understood as a subjective right. The core of the thesis develops a critical analysis of didactic personalization. It reflects on the effectiveness of the ICF-based PEI (Individualized Education Plan) as a tool for empowerment, while questioning the risks of an interventionism that can result in labeling or in a form of excluding inclusion. It also addresses the issue of the widespread delegation of responsibility solely to the support teacher, which is often experienced as institutional isolation. Finally, this paper adopts a comparative perspective, benchmarking the Italian model against the Finnish system of school inclusion to identify mutual best practices.
Il presente lavoro di tesi analizza l’evoluzione storica, giuridica e pedagogica del modello italiano di inclusione scolastica per gli alunni con disabilità all’interno del contesto sia nazionale che internazionale. Nella prima parte viene svolta un’analisi evolutiva del concetto di disabilità che vede il passaggio dal modello medico, alla prospettiva bio-psico-sociale con l’inserimento dei principi della Convenzione ONU del 2006 e della visione dei Disability Studies e del Capability Approach. Inoltre, viene delineato il concetto di disabilità all’interno della Costituzione italiana con un approfondimento rispetto al concetto giuridico dello stesso. Successivamente viene ripercorsa la normativa che ha permesso l’affermazione del modello di inclusione scolastica odierno, esaminando il passaggio dalla segregazione all’inserimento, fino alla nascita della cultura dell’integrazione e, infine, della prospettiva inclusiva intesa come diritto soggettivo. Il nucleo centrale della tesi sviluppa un’analisi critica della personalizzazione didattica. Si riflette sull’efficacia del PEI su base ICF come strumento di emancipazione, interrogandosi sui rischi di un interventismo che può tradursi in etichettamento o in una forma di inclusione escludente. Viene inoltre affrontato il problema della delega diffusa al solo docente di sostegno, vissuta spesso come isolamento istituzionale. Infine, il lavoro adotta una prospettiva comparata che mette a confronto il modello italiano con il sistema di inclusione scolastica finlandese per individuare buone pratiche reciproche.
La scuola di tutti e di ciascuno: analisi del modello italiano di inclusione scolastica degli alunni e delle alunne con disabilità tra diritto all'istruzione e giustizia sociale.
MOINO, ALICE
2025/2026
Abstract
This thesis analyzes the historical, legal, and pedagogical evolution of the Italian model of school inclusion for students with disabilities, within both national and international contexts. The first part provides an evolutionary analysis of the concept of disability, tracing the shift from the medical model to the bio-psycho-social perspective, incorporating the principles of the 2006 UN Convention, as well as the frameworks of Disability Studies and the Capability Approach. Furthermore, it outlines the concept of disability within the Italian Constitution, offering an in-depth analysis of its legal definition. Subsequently, the study reviews the legislation that led to the establishment of today's school inclusion model, examining the transition from segregation to placement, up to the emergence of a culture of integration and, ultimately, an inclusive perspective understood as a subjective right. The core of the thesis develops a critical analysis of didactic personalization. It reflects on the effectiveness of the ICF-based PEI (Individualized Education Plan) as a tool for empowerment, while questioning the risks of an interventionism that can result in labeling or in a form of excluding inclusion. It also addresses the issue of the widespread delegation of responsibility solely to the support teacher, which is often experienced as institutional isolation. Finally, this paper adopts a comparative perspective, benchmarking the Italian model against the Finnish system of school inclusion to identify mutual best practices.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/117606