Introduction: transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is a non-invasive method of neuromodulation which, when combined with electroencephalography, enables the examination of brain dynamics through the study of TMS-evoked potentials and cortical oscillations. This combination of methods enables the detection of the immediate and widespread electrical response of the cortex, providing a direct measure of the reactivity and connectivity of resting-state networks. Objective: to assess cortical natural frequencies – defined as the predominant oscillatory frequency evoked by the magnetic perturbation – and to analyse the maintenance of the anteroposterior gradient of brain electrical activity within the various functional networks. Materials and methods: seventeen healthy right-handed volunteers (26.4 ± 3.6 years) were recruited and underwent both structural and functional MRI scans; twelve participants subsequently completed the entire study protocol. These participants took part in a TMS-EEG session using a pre-wired 64-channel head cap and stimulation using a figure-of-eight coil. The stimulation targets were identified using MRI data; specifically, the left and right primary motor cortices (M1), the right frontal-eye-field (FEF) and the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DPFC) were stimulated. For each stimulation site, 100 TMS pulses were delivered in a single block, at an intensity of 120% of the resting motor threshold and with an interstimulus interval between 1500 and 1700 ms. Once the recordings were complete, the EEG data were pre-processed offline using EEGLAB and a pipeline developed in MATLAB. Results: stimulation of M1 generated focal and lateralised potentials, while the associative areas (FEF and DPFC) showed diffused and prolonged responses. At the group-average level, a positively sloping anteroposterior gradient was confirmed (19.5 Hz vs 17.3 Hz); however, detailed analysis of individual nodes revealed that stimulation of the right FEF causes a deviation from the gradient, leading to a frequency homogenisation of the entire network to which it belongs (20.2 Hz). The ANOVA confirmed a significant modulation of the natural frequency as a function of the stimulation condition and the recording network, and also revealed a significant interaction between the two factors (Stimulation condition: F(3,33)=11.55; p<0.001; Recording network: F(2,22)=7.14; p=0.002; Interaction: F(6,66)=38.27; p<0.001). Conclusions: the intrinsic frequencies of the cortex are not static parameters related only to the anatomical structure of origin, but are dynamic properties determined by the connections within the stimulated circuit. From an applied perspective, TMS-EEG provides useful neurophysiological indicators for optimising clinical and experimental neuromodulation treatments.
Introduzione: la stimolazione magnetica transcranica (TMS) è un metodo di neuromodulazione non invasivo, che se integrata all’elettroencefalografia, permette di esaminare le dinamiche cerebrali tramite lo studio dei potenziali evocati da TMS e le oscillazioni corticali. Questa combinazione metodologica consente di rilevare la risposta elettrica immediata e diffusa della corteccia, offrendo una misura diretta della reattività e della connettività delle reti funzionali a riposo (Resting-State Networks). Obiettivo: valutazione delle frequenze naturali corticali, intese come la frequenza oscillatoria predominante evocata dalla perturbazione magnetica, e analisi del mantenimento del gradiente antero-posteriore dell’attività elettrica cerebrale all’interno dei diversi network funzionali. Materiali e metodi: sono stati reclutati diciassette volontari sani destrimani (26,4 \pm 3,6 anni), i quali sono stati sottoposti a scansione MRI sia strutturale che funzionale; i partecipanti che hanno poi completato l’intero protocollo di studio sono stati dodici. Questi ultimi hanno partecipato a una sessione di TMS-EEG con una cuffia precablata a 64 canali e stimolazione tramite una bobina a forma di otto. Gli obiettivi di stimolazione sono stati identificati utilizzando i dati MRI, nello specifico sono state stimolate le cortecce motorie primarie (M1) di sinistra e destra, il frontal-eye-field (FEF) destro e la corteccia prefrontale dorsale (DPFC) destra. Per ciascun sito di stimolazione sono stati erogati in un unico blocco 100 impulsi TMS, con un’intensità pari al 120% della soglia motoria a riposo e con un intervallo interstimolo compreso tra 1500 e 1700ms. Al termine delle acquisizioni, i dati EEG sono stati sottoposti a un processo di pre-elaborazione offline mediante EEGLAB e una pipeline sviluppata in MATLAB. Risultati: la stimolazione di M1 ha generato potenziali focali e lateralizzati, mentre le aree associative (FEF e DPFC) hanno mostrato risposte diffuse e prolungate. A livello medio di gruppo, è stato confermato un gradiente antero-posteriore a pendenza positiva (19,5 Hz vs 17,3 Hz), tuttavia l’analisi dettagliata dei singoli nodi ha rivelato che la sollecitazione del FEF destro induce uno svincolamento dal gradiente, inducendo un’omogeneizzazione frequenziale dell’intero Network di appartenenza (20,2 Hz). L’ANOVA ha confermato una modulazione significativa della frequenza naturale in funzione della condizione di stimolazione e della rete di registrazione, evidenziando inoltre una significativa interazione tra i due fattori (Stimulation condition: F(3,33)=11,55; p<0,001; Recording network: F(2,22)=7,14; p=0,002; Interazione: F(6,66)=38,27; p<0,001). Conclusioni: le frequenze intrinseche della corteccia non rappresentano parametri statici vincolati unicamente alla struttura anatomica di origine, ma delle proprietà dinamiche condizionate dai collegamenti del circuito stimolato. In un’ottica applicativa, la TMS-EEG fornisce indicatori neurofisiologici utili per ottimizzare i trattamenti di neuromodulazione clinica e sperimentale.
Valutazione delle frequenze naturali corticali mediante TMS-EEG
DE BEI, SARA
2025/2026
Abstract
Introduction: transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is a non-invasive method of neuromodulation which, when combined with electroencephalography, enables the examination of brain dynamics through the study of TMS-evoked potentials and cortical oscillations. This combination of methods enables the detection of the immediate and widespread electrical response of the cortex, providing a direct measure of the reactivity and connectivity of resting-state networks. Objective: to assess cortical natural frequencies – defined as the predominant oscillatory frequency evoked by the magnetic perturbation – and to analyse the maintenance of the anteroposterior gradient of brain electrical activity within the various functional networks. Materials and methods: seventeen healthy right-handed volunteers (26.4 ± 3.6 years) were recruited and underwent both structural and functional MRI scans; twelve participants subsequently completed the entire study protocol. These participants took part in a TMS-EEG session using a pre-wired 64-channel head cap and stimulation using a figure-of-eight coil. The stimulation targets were identified using MRI data; specifically, the left and right primary motor cortices (M1), the right frontal-eye-field (FEF) and the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DPFC) were stimulated. For each stimulation site, 100 TMS pulses were delivered in a single block, at an intensity of 120% of the resting motor threshold and with an interstimulus interval between 1500 and 1700 ms. Once the recordings were complete, the EEG data were pre-processed offline using EEGLAB and a pipeline developed in MATLAB. Results: stimulation of M1 generated focal and lateralised potentials, while the associative areas (FEF and DPFC) showed diffused and prolonged responses. At the group-average level, a positively sloping anteroposterior gradient was confirmed (19.5 Hz vs 17.3 Hz); however, detailed analysis of individual nodes revealed that stimulation of the right FEF causes a deviation from the gradient, leading to a frequency homogenisation of the entire network to which it belongs (20.2 Hz). The ANOVA confirmed a significant modulation of the natural frequency as a function of the stimulation condition and the recording network, and also revealed a significant interaction between the two factors (Stimulation condition: F(3,33)=11.55; p<0.001; Recording network: F(2,22)=7.14; p=0.002; Interaction: F(6,66)=38.27; p<0.001). Conclusions: the intrinsic frequencies of the cortex are not static parameters related only to the anatomical structure of origin, but are dynamic properties determined by the connections within the stimulated circuit. From an applied perspective, TMS-EEG provides useful neurophysiological indicators for optimising clinical and experimental neuromodulation treatments.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/117746