Abstract Active Sleep (AS) represents a behavioral state characterized by high endogenous activity in the newborn, associated with spontaneous motor manifestations and specific features of brain activity. Quantitative analysis of the electroencephalogram (EEG) can provide complementary information to visual assessment of the tracing, allowing the characterization of changes in brain activity through quantitative indices. The present preliminary study aims to characterize changes in the spectral profile of the neonatal EEG through the analysis of the Spectral Exponent (SE), comparing Active Sleep (AS) with Quiet Sleep (QS). In a subset of newborns, specific clinical events defined as “dream-like” were also analyzed. These events were characterized by the presence of small spontaneous movements, changes in facial expressions, and eye movements, with the aim of exploring potential changes in brain activity associated with their occurrence. In the first phase of the study, 14 healthy term newborns were analyzed by comparing AS and QS. Subsequently, in a subset of 7 newborns, “dream-like” events occurring during AS were analyzed. The Spectral Exponent was estimated from the Power Spectral Density using linear fitting in the log-log space. Comparisons were performed using the Wilcoxon signed-rank test for paired data, with correction for multiple comparisons using the False Discovery Rate. In the sample of 14 newborns, AS showed a less negative Spectral Exponent compared with QS, indicating a flatter spectral profile and a greater relative representation of higher frequencies. The difference showed a non-uniform topographic distribution, with relatively greater differences in some central and occipital derivations. The exploratory comparison between “dream-like” events and AS did not reveal significant differences after correction for multiple comparisons. However, the largest difference was observed at the right occipital electrode (O2), where dream-like events were associated with a more negative Spectral Exponent compared with AS. The direction of the effect was consistent across all 7 newborns, suggesting a possible specific modulation of the spectral profile at the occipital level during these events, although confirmation in larger samples is required. Overall, the results indicate that AS is characterized by a specific reorganization of the spectral profile of the neonatal EEG, with relatively greater differences in central and occipital regions. Dream-like events, on the other hand, appear to show a distinct spectral modulation compared with the AS context, particularly at the right occipital level. These findings provide a preliminary quantitative characterization of the spectral dynamics associated with sleep states and spontaneous behavioral events in newborns and lay the groundwork for future investigations into the possible neurophysiological significance of these events and their potential relationship with dreaming experiences during the early stages of development.
Abstract Il sonno attivo (Active Sleep, AS) rappresenta uno stato comportamentale caratterizzato da un'elevata attività endogena nel neonato, associata a manifestazioni motorie spontanee e a specifiche caratteristiche dell'attività cerebrale. L'analisi quantitativa dell'elettroencefalogramma (EEG) può fornire informazioni complementari alla valutazione visiva del tracciato, permettendo di caratterizzare le modificazioni dell'attività cerebrale attraverso indici quantitativi. Il presente studio preliminare si propone di caratterizzare le modificazioni del profilo spettrale dell'EEG neonatale attraverso l'analisi dello Spectral Exponent (SE), confrontando il sonno attivo (AS) con il sonno quieto (Quiet Sleep, QS). In un sottocampione di neonati, sono stati inoltre analizzati specifici eventi clinici definiti “dream-like”, caratterizzati dalla presenza di piccoli movimenti spontanei, modificazioni della mimica facciale e movimenti oculari, al fine di esplorare eventuali modificazioni dell'attività cerebrale associate alla loro comparsa. Nella prima fase dello studio sono stati analizzati 14 neonati sani a termine, mediante confronto tra AS e QS. Successivamente, in un sottocampione di 7 neonati, sono stati analizzati gli eventi clinici “dream-like” durante l'AS. Lo Spectral Exponent è stato stimato a partire dalla Power Spectral Density mediante fit lineare nel piano log-log. I confronti sono stati effettuati mediante test dei ranghi con segno di Wilcoxon per dati appaiati, con correzione dei confronti multipli mediante False Discovery Rate. Nel campione di 14 neonati, l'AS ha mostrato uno Spectral Exponent meno negativo rispetto al QS, indicativo di un profilo spettrale più piatto e di una maggiore rappresentazione relativa delle frequenze più alte. La differenza ha mostrato una distribuzione topografica non uniforme, con differenze relativamente maggiori in alcune derivazioni centrali e occipitali. Il confronto esplorativo tra gli eventi “dream-like” e l'AS non ha evidenziato differenze significative dopo correzione per confronti multipli. Tuttavia, la maggiore differenza osservata è stata rilevata a livello dell'elettrodo occipitale destro (O2), dove gli eventi dream-like erano associati a uno Spectral Exponent più negativo rispetto all'AS. La direzione dell'effetto è risultata consistente nei 7 neonati, suggerendo una possibile specifica modulazione dell'attività occipitale durante tali eventi, pur richiedendo conferma in campioni più ampi. Nel complesso, i risultati indicano che l'AS è caratterizzato da una specifica riorganizzazione del profilo spettrale dell'EEG neonatale, con differenze relativamente maggiori a livello delle regioni centrali e occipitali. Gli eventi dream-like sembrano invece presentare una modulazione spettrale distinta rispetto al contesto di AS, soprattutto a livello occipitale destro. Questi risultati forniscono una prima caratterizzazione quantitativa della dinamica spettrale associata agli stati di sonno e agli eventi comportamentali spontanei nel neonato e pongono le basi per future indagini sul possibile significato neurofisiologico di tali eventi e sulla loro eventuale relazione con le esperienze oniriche durante le prime fasi dello sviluppo.
ATTIVITÀ ENDOGENA SENSORI-MOTORIA E PERCETTIVA NEL SONNO ATTIVO NEONATALE COME POSSIBILE PRECONDIZIONE NEURODINAMICA DEL SOGNO: ANALISI PRELIMINARE DELL’EEG IN UN PICCOLO CAMPIONE DI NEONATI SANI
GALVÃO POLONIO, BRUNA
2025/2026
Abstract
Abstract Active Sleep (AS) represents a behavioral state characterized by high endogenous activity in the newborn, associated with spontaneous motor manifestations and specific features of brain activity. Quantitative analysis of the electroencephalogram (EEG) can provide complementary information to visual assessment of the tracing, allowing the characterization of changes in brain activity through quantitative indices. The present preliminary study aims to characterize changes in the spectral profile of the neonatal EEG through the analysis of the Spectral Exponent (SE), comparing Active Sleep (AS) with Quiet Sleep (QS). In a subset of newborns, specific clinical events defined as “dream-like” were also analyzed. These events were characterized by the presence of small spontaneous movements, changes in facial expressions, and eye movements, with the aim of exploring potential changes in brain activity associated with their occurrence. In the first phase of the study, 14 healthy term newborns were analyzed by comparing AS and QS. Subsequently, in a subset of 7 newborns, “dream-like” events occurring during AS were analyzed. The Spectral Exponent was estimated from the Power Spectral Density using linear fitting in the log-log space. Comparisons were performed using the Wilcoxon signed-rank test for paired data, with correction for multiple comparisons using the False Discovery Rate. In the sample of 14 newborns, AS showed a less negative Spectral Exponent compared with QS, indicating a flatter spectral profile and a greater relative representation of higher frequencies. The difference showed a non-uniform topographic distribution, with relatively greater differences in some central and occipital derivations. The exploratory comparison between “dream-like” events and AS did not reveal significant differences after correction for multiple comparisons. However, the largest difference was observed at the right occipital electrode (O2), where dream-like events were associated with a more negative Spectral Exponent compared with AS. The direction of the effect was consistent across all 7 newborns, suggesting a possible specific modulation of the spectral profile at the occipital level during these events, although confirmation in larger samples is required. Overall, the results indicate that AS is characterized by a specific reorganization of the spectral profile of the neonatal EEG, with relatively greater differences in central and occipital regions. Dream-like events, on the other hand, appear to show a distinct spectral modulation compared with the AS context, particularly at the right occipital level. These findings provide a preliminary quantitative characterization of the spectral dynamics associated with sleep states and spontaneous behavioral events in newborns and lay the groundwork for future investigations into the possible neurophysiological significance of these events and their potential relationship with dreaming experiences during the early stages of development.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/117748