The increase in global demand for energy and mineral resources has increased over the years the interest of States in the exploitation of the continental shelf, one of the maritime areas most characterised by high strategic and, above all, economic value. The intensification of offshore activities has raised the need to ensure an adequate level of protection of the marine environment, presenting international law with the challenge of reconciling economic development and environmental sustainability. The research therefore analyses the relationship between the sovereign rights exercised by coastal states on the continental shelf and international obligations to protect the marine environment. The survey is based on the normative framework outlined by the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS), examining in a first phase both the historical evolution from the legal establishment of the continental shelf to the present and its legal definition and the content of the rights recognised to coastal States under articles 76 and 77 of the Convention. Particular attention is then given to the analysis of the environmental obligations under Part XII of UNCLOS, with specific reference to the general obligation to protect and preserve the marine environment and the provisions regarding pollution resulting from activities carried out on the continental shelf. By examining international law, state practice, and international jurisprudence, the research analyses in depth the role of the due diligence principle, the prevention of transboundary harm, and the precautionary principle. The analysis of ITLOS case law will allow us to assess the extent to which environmental protection obligations impact the exercise of the sovereign rights of coastal states on the continental shelf, as part of research aimed at reconstructing how the evolution of the law of the sea has progressively introduced increasingly complex obligations to protect the marine environment. In the final chapter, the research considers the future prospects offered by recent developments in ocean governance, with particular reference to the BBNJ Agreement, assessing its potential impact on the evolving relationship between marine resource exploitation, environmental protection, and sustainable development.
L’aumento della domanda globale di risorse energetiche e minerarie ha accresciuto negli anni l'interesse degli Stati verso lo sfruttamento della piattaforma continentale, una delle aree marittime maggiormente caratterizzate da un elevato valore strategico e soprattutto economico. L'intensificazione delle attività offshore ha fatto sorgere la necessità di garantire un adeguato livello di protezione dell'ambiente marino, ponendo il diritto internazionale di fronte alla sfida di conciliare sviluppo economico e sostenibilità ambientale. La ricerca analizza quindi il rapporto tra i diritti sovrani esercitati dagli Stati costieri sulla piattaforma continentale e gli obblighi internazionali di tutela dell'ambiente marino. L'indagine si basa sul quadro normativo delineato dalla Convenzione delle Nazioni Unite sul diritto del mare (UNCLOS), esaminando in una prima fase sia l'evoluzione storica dall’istituzione giuridica della piattaforma continentale ad oggi sia la sua definizione giuridica e il contenuto dei diritti riconosciuti agli Stati costieri ai sensi degli articoli 76 e 77 della Convenzione. Particolare attenzione è poi dedicata all'analisi degli obblighi ambientali previsti dalla Parte XII dell'UNCLOS, con specifico riferimento all'obbligo generale di protezione e preservazione dell'ambiente marino e alle disposizioni riguardanti l'inquinamento derivante dalle attività svolte sulla piattaforma continentale. Attraverso l'esame della normativa internazionale, della prassi degli Stati e della giurisprudenza internazionale, la ricerca approfondisce il ruolo del principio della "due diligence", della prevenzione del danno transfrontaliero e del principio precauzionale. L’analisi della giurisprudenza dell’ITLOS consentirà di valutare in che misura gli obblighi di tutela ambientale incidano sull’esercizio dei diritti sovrani degli Stati costieri sulla piattaforma continentale, nell’ambito di una ricerca che mira a ricostruire come l’evoluzione del diritto del mare abbia progressivamente introdotto obblighi sempre più articolati di protezione dell’ambiente marino. Nell’ultimo capitolo la ricerca considera le prospettive future offerte dai recenti sviluppi della governance degli oceani, con particolare riferimento all'Accordo BBNJ, valutandone il possibile impatto sull'evoluzione del rapporto tra sfruttamento delle risorse marine, tutela ambientale e sviluppo sostenibile.
Diritti sovrani sulla piattaforma continentale e tutela dell'ambiente: evoluzione e prospettive del diritto internazionale del mare
CAVALLINO, PIERANTONIO
2025/2026
Abstract
The increase in global demand for energy and mineral resources has increased over the years the interest of States in the exploitation of the continental shelf, one of the maritime areas most characterised by high strategic and, above all, economic value. The intensification of offshore activities has raised the need to ensure an adequate level of protection of the marine environment, presenting international law with the challenge of reconciling economic development and environmental sustainability. The research therefore analyses the relationship between the sovereign rights exercised by coastal states on the continental shelf and international obligations to protect the marine environment. The survey is based on the normative framework outlined by the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS), examining in a first phase both the historical evolution from the legal establishment of the continental shelf to the present and its legal definition and the content of the rights recognised to coastal States under articles 76 and 77 of the Convention. Particular attention is then given to the analysis of the environmental obligations under Part XII of UNCLOS, with specific reference to the general obligation to protect and preserve the marine environment and the provisions regarding pollution resulting from activities carried out on the continental shelf. By examining international law, state practice, and international jurisprudence, the research analyses in depth the role of the due diligence principle, the prevention of transboundary harm, and the precautionary principle. The analysis of ITLOS case law will allow us to assess the extent to which environmental protection obligations impact the exercise of the sovereign rights of coastal states on the continental shelf, as part of research aimed at reconstructing how the evolution of the law of the sea has progressively introduced increasingly complex obligations to protect the marine environment. In the final chapter, the research considers the future prospects offered by recent developments in ocean governance, with particular reference to the BBNJ Agreement, assessing its potential impact on the evolving relationship between marine resource exploitation, environmental protection, and sustainable development.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/117776