In the contemporary global context, marked by conflicts, geopolitical shifts, and nationalist pressures, the phenomenon of statelessness constitutes one of the most silent and unresolved challenges for international law. The lack of citizenship places its victims in a condition of particular vulnerability, hindering the effective protection of their rights. This difficulty stems from the fact that the primary path toward legal recognition clashes with almost insurmountable procedural barriers, caused by a slow, rigid bureaucracy and often burdensome requirements regarding the burden of proof. Indeed, the recognition of stateless status represents an indispensable precondition for accessing and enjoying fundamental rights closely linked to citizenship, including participation in civil and political life, formal entry into the labor market, healthcare, and the right to education. This thesis aims to analyze the phenomenon of statelessness, starting from its legal definitions and the historical and legislative causes that generate it, subsequently examining the evolution of international and European protection in this field. The study then focuses on the critical flaws of the Italian legal system, highlighting the lack of a comprehensive regulatory framework and the existence of a dual path to status recognition. Ultimately, the theoretical and regulatory framework finds a concrete application in the analysis of the statelessness condition of the Romani community in Italy; a population originally from the former Yugoslavia, which has now become a rooted yet almost invisible presence at the national level. The analysis of this specific case study highlights how, despite legislative gaps, the effective protection of the fundamental rights of these individuals is primarily guaranteed by the supplementary role of case law, which stands as the only real contrast to their total marginalization.
Nel contesto globale contemporaneo, segnato da conflitti, mutamenti geopolitici e spinte nazionalistiche, il fenomeno dell’apolidia si configura come una delle sfide più silenziose e irrisolte per il diritto internazionale. La mancanza di cittadinanza produce nelle persone che ne sono vittime una condizione di particolare vulnerabilità, che ostacola l’effettiva tutela dei loro diritti. Tale difficoltà risiede nel fatto che la principale via di emersione giuridica si scontra con barriere procedurali quasi insormontabili, dovute a una burocrazia lenta e rigida e a oneri probatori spesso gravosi da dimostrare. Il riconoscimento dello status di apolide, infatti, rappresenta la precondizione indispensabile per l'accesso e il godimento di alcuni diritti fondamentali strettamente connessi alla cittadinanza, tra i quali la partecipazione alla vita civile e politica, l'inserimento regolare nel mercato del lavoro, l'assistenza sanitaria e il diritto all'istruzione. La presente tesi si propone di analizzare il fenomeno dell’apolidia a partire dalle sue definizioni giuridiche e dalle cause storiche e legislative che lo generano, esaminando successivamente l’evoluzione della tutela internazionale ed europea in materia. L'elaborato si focalizza quindi sulle criticità dell’ordinamento italiano, evidenziando la mancanza di una disciplina organica e la presenza di una duplice via di accesso allo status. Infine, l’inquadramento teorico e normativo trova un’applicazione concreta nell’analisi della condizione di apolidia della comunità Rom in Italia; una realtà originaria dell’ex Jugoslavia, divenuta oggi una presenza radicata eppure quasi invisibile a livello nazionale. L’analisi di questo specifico caso mette in luce come, nonostante le lacune legislative, la tutela effettiva dei diritti fondamentali di questi soggetti sia garantita principalmente dal ruolo suppletivo della giurisprudenza di merito, l’unica a costituire un effettivo contrasto alla loro totale marginalizzazione.
La tutela giuridica dell’apolidia e il caso della comunità Rom in Italia
ZACCARON, IRENE
2025/2026
Abstract
In the contemporary global context, marked by conflicts, geopolitical shifts, and nationalist pressures, the phenomenon of statelessness constitutes one of the most silent and unresolved challenges for international law. The lack of citizenship places its victims in a condition of particular vulnerability, hindering the effective protection of their rights. This difficulty stems from the fact that the primary path toward legal recognition clashes with almost insurmountable procedural barriers, caused by a slow, rigid bureaucracy and often burdensome requirements regarding the burden of proof. Indeed, the recognition of stateless status represents an indispensable precondition for accessing and enjoying fundamental rights closely linked to citizenship, including participation in civil and political life, formal entry into the labor market, healthcare, and the right to education. This thesis aims to analyze the phenomenon of statelessness, starting from its legal definitions and the historical and legislative causes that generate it, subsequently examining the evolution of international and European protection in this field. The study then focuses on the critical flaws of the Italian legal system, highlighting the lack of a comprehensive regulatory framework and the existence of a dual path to status recognition. Ultimately, the theoretical and regulatory framework finds a concrete application in the analysis of the statelessness condition of the Romani community in Italy; a population originally from the former Yugoslavia, which has now become a rooted yet almost invisible presence at the national level. The analysis of this specific case study highlights how, despite legislative gaps, the effective protection of the fundamental rights of these individuals is primarily guaranteed by the supplementary role of case law, which stands as the only real contrast to their total marginalization.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/117889