The ocelot (Leopardus pardalis) and the short-eared dog (Atelocynus microtis) are two mammals native to the Amazon rainforest, characterized by an elusive behaviour and increasingly exposed to habitat loss and fragmentation associated with human activities. Pharmacological containment is a fundamental tool to allow their manipulation during research and monitoring activities, protecting animal welfare and operator safety. However, the information available on the chemical immobilization of these species, especially in the wild, remains limited. The present work was carried out in collaboration with Field Projects International, a US organization engaged in the monitoring of wildlife in the Madre de Dios region, in eastern Peru, through trap-sample-release programs. The anaesthesia data collected during the capture seasons, from May to August, between 2022 and 2025, were retrospectively analysed with the aim of evaluating the effectiveness of the protocols employed, the depth of anaesthesia, the trend of physiological parameters and the quality of awakening. The study included 8 ocelots and 7 short-eared dogs, some recaptured on different occasions, for a total of 27 capture events: 13 for the ocelot and 14 for the short-eared dog. Animals were captured by traps and subjected to morphometric measurements, biological sampling and physiological monitoring. The protocol included ketamine, dexmedetomidine and midazolam in the ocelot and ketamine and dexmedetomidine in the short-eared dog. When necessary, alfaxalone was administered as a supplementary agent; all animals received atipamezole in the awakening phase. Scales for assessing behavioural response, quality of induction, depth of sedation, maintenance and recovery were also developed and applied. Both protocols generally allowed for adequate immobilisation for manipulation and completion of procedures. Induction, maintenance and recovery were overall satisfactory and physiological parameters relatively stable during standardized monitoring, despite the presence of individual variability and adverse events. To the best of the author's knowledge, the work provides the first data on the chemical immobilization of short-eared dog in freedom and the first description of the dexmedetomidine–ketamine–midazolam association in the ocelot under natural field conditions. The results highlight the importance of adapting anaesthetic management to the individual animal and capture conditions. Estimation of weight prior to immobilization introduced uncertainty in the calculation of initial doses, while the need for additional administrations may also have reflected differences in individual response and behavioural status. Continuous monitoring is essential to recognize physiological and anaesthetic depth changes. Prior to release, the assessment of recovery must include, in addition to the return of consciousness, adequate motor coordination and appropriate responses to environmental stimuli. The results should be interpreted as descriptive, considering the limited sample, recites, incomplete data, and limitations of blood pressure and ventilatory monitoring. Larger prospective studies, with standardized data collection and more comprehensive monitoring, will be needed to investigate the safety and consistency of response to protocols and verify the reliability and reproducibility of the proposed scales.
L’ocelot (Leopardus pardalis) e l’atelocino (Atelocynus microtis) sono due mammiferi autoctoni della foresta amazzonica, caratterizzati da un comportamento elusivo e sempre più esposti alla perdita e alla frammentazione dell’habitat associate alle attività antropiche. Il contenimento farmacologico rappresenta uno strumento fondamentale per consentirne la manipolazione durante le attività di ricerca e monitoraggio, tutelando il benessere degli animali e la sicurezza degli operatori. Tuttavia, le informazioni disponibili sull’immobilizzazione chimica di queste specie, soprattutto in libertà, rimangono limitate. Il presente lavoro è stato svolto in collaborazione con Field Projects International, organizzazione statunitense impegnata nel monitoraggio della fauna selvatica nella regione di Madre de Dios, nel Perù orientale, attraverso programmi di cattura, campionamento e rilascio (trap–sample–release). Sono stati analizzati retrospettivamente i dati anestesiologici raccolti durante le stagioni di cattura, da maggio ad agosto, tra il 2022 e il 2025, con l’obiettivo di valutare l’efficacia dei protocolli impiegati, la profondità dell’anestesia, l’andamento dei parametri fisiologici e la qualità del risveglio. Lo studio ha incluso 8 ocelot e 7 atelocini, alcuni ricatturati in diverse occasioni, per complessivi 27 eventi di cattura: 13 per l’ocelot e 14 per l’atelocino. Gli animali sono stati catturati mediante trappole e sottoposti a misurazioni morfometriche, prelievi biologici e monitoraggio fisiologico. Il protocollo prevedeva ketamina, dexmedetomidina e midazolam nell’ocelot e ketamina e dexmedetomidina nell’atelocino. Quando necessario, è stato somministrato alfaxalone come agente supplementare; tutti gli animali hanno ricevuto atipamezolo nella fase di risveglio. Sono state inoltre sviluppate e applicate scale di valutazione della risposta comportamentale, della qualità dell’induzione, della profondità della sedazione, del mantenimento e del recupero. Entrambi i protocolli hanno generalmente consentito un’immobilizzazione adeguata alla manipolazione e al completamento delle procedure. Induzione, mantenimento e recupero sono risultati complessivamente soddisfacenti e i parametri fisiologici relativamente stabili durante il monitoraggio standardizzato, pur in presenza di variabilità individuale ed eventi avversi. Per quanto noto all’autrice, il lavoro fornisce i primi dati sull’immobilizzazione chimica dell’atelocino in libertà e la prima descrizione dell’associazione dexmedetomidina–ketamina–midazolam nell’ocelot in condizioni naturali di campo. I risultati evidenziano l’importanza di adattare la gestione anestesiologica al singolo animale e alle condizioni di cattura. La stima del peso prima dell’immobilizzazione ha introdotto incertezza nel calcolo delle dosi iniziali, mentre la necessità di somministrazioni supplementari può aver rispecchiato anche differenze nella risposta individuale e nello stato comportamentale. Il monitoraggio continuo è essenziale per riconoscere variazioni fisiologiche e della profondità anestesiologica. Prima del rilascio, la valutazione del recupero deve comprendere, oltre al ritorno della coscienza, un’adeguata coordinazione motoria e risposte appropriate agli stimoli ambientali. I risultati devono essere interpretati come descrittivi, considerando il campione limitato, le ricatture, i dati incompleti e le limitazioni del monitoraggio pressorio e ventilatorio. Studi prospettici più ampi, con raccolta standardizzata dei dati e monitoraggio più completo, saranno necessari per approfondire la sicurezza e la costanza di risposta ai protocolli e verificare l’affidabilità e la riproducibilità delle scale proposte.
Field anaesthesia of free-living Amazonian carnivores: clinical experience with ocelots (Leopardus pardalis) and short-eared dogs (Atelocynus microtis)
COSTANTINO, ELISA
2025/2026
Abstract
The ocelot (Leopardus pardalis) and the short-eared dog (Atelocynus microtis) are two mammals native to the Amazon rainforest, characterized by an elusive behaviour and increasingly exposed to habitat loss and fragmentation associated with human activities. Pharmacological containment is a fundamental tool to allow their manipulation during research and monitoring activities, protecting animal welfare and operator safety. However, the information available on the chemical immobilization of these species, especially in the wild, remains limited. The present work was carried out in collaboration with Field Projects International, a US organization engaged in the monitoring of wildlife in the Madre de Dios region, in eastern Peru, through trap-sample-release programs. The anaesthesia data collected during the capture seasons, from May to August, between 2022 and 2025, were retrospectively analysed with the aim of evaluating the effectiveness of the protocols employed, the depth of anaesthesia, the trend of physiological parameters and the quality of awakening. The study included 8 ocelots and 7 short-eared dogs, some recaptured on different occasions, for a total of 27 capture events: 13 for the ocelot and 14 for the short-eared dog. Animals were captured by traps and subjected to morphometric measurements, biological sampling and physiological monitoring. The protocol included ketamine, dexmedetomidine and midazolam in the ocelot and ketamine and dexmedetomidine in the short-eared dog. When necessary, alfaxalone was administered as a supplementary agent; all animals received atipamezole in the awakening phase. Scales for assessing behavioural response, quality of induction, depth of sedation, maintenance and recovery were also developed and applied. Both protocols generally allowed for adequate immobilisation for manipulation and completion of procedures. Induction, maintenance and recovery were overall satisfactory and physiological parameters relatively stable during standardized monitoring, despite the presence of individual variability and adverse events. To the best of the author's knowledge, the work provides the first data on the chemical immobilization of short-eared dog in freedom and the first description of the dexmedetomidine–ketamine–midazolam association in the ocelot under natural field conditions. The results highlight the importance of adapting anaesthetic management to the individual animal and capture conditions. Estimation of weight prior to immobilization introduced uncertainty in the calculation of initial doses, while the need for additional administrations may also have reflected differences in individual response and behavioural status. Continuous monitoring is essential to recognize physiological and anaesthetic depth changes. Prior to release, the assessment of recovery must include, in addition to the return of consciousness, adequate motor coordination and appropriate responses to environmental stimuli. The results should be interpreted as descriptive, considering the limited sample, recites, incomplete data, and limitations of blood pressure and ventilatory monitoring. Larger prospective studies, with standardized data collection and more comprehensive monitoring, will be needed to investigate the safety and consistency of response to protocols and verify the reliability and reproducibility of the proposed scales.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/117908