Post-breeding endometritis is a physiological inflammatory response that occurs in most mares following artificial insemination (AI). Its pathophysiology is well described in the literature; however, laboratory parameters capable of complementing the clinical evidence provided by ultrasonographic evaluation of uterine fluid and endometrial oedema are still lacking. The aim of the present study was to identify clinical and laboratory parameters that are readily available in clinical practice and useful for assessing the inflammatory and endometrial defense response following insemination, with particular attention to oxidative stress (OS) markers measured in endometrial fluid. During the 2025 breeding season at the University Veterinary Teaching Hospital (OVUD) of the University of Padova, 18 mares undergoing AI with fresh-chilled or frozen semen and 6 control mares were selected. In the control group, the same manual procedure used for insemination was performed, with intrauterine infusion of sterile saline solution. For each subject, ultrasonographic examination, cytological examination, and endometrial fluid sampling were performed before treatment (PRE) and 24 hours after treatment (AI or intrauterine administration of sterile saline solution) (POST). Endometrial fluid was used to determine total protein, AOPP, thiols, protein carbonyls, and TBARS. Bacteriological examination was performed only at PRE. Comparison between PRE and POST revealed a significant reduction in protein carbonyls (p = 0,0023), regardless of the type of semen used or group assignment (inseminated or control); in contrast, AOPP, thiols, and TBARS did not show statistically significant changes. When comparing the inseminated and control groups at POST, AOPP levels were higher in inseminated mares than in controls and higher in mares that became pregnant than in non-pregnant mares. However, these differences did not reach statistical significance. Conversely, total protein concentration at POST was significantly higher in control mares than inseminated mares (p = 0,02). The use of fresh-chilled or frozen semen did not significantly affect the OS parameters measured at POST. A trend towards lower thiol concentrations, expressed per ml of endometrial fluid, was observed in mares inseminated with fresh-chilled semen compared with those inseminated with frozen semen (p = 0,086). Furthermore, mares treated with frozen semen showed a greater tendency to become pregnant compared with those inseminated with fresh-chilled semen (p = 0,070). Post-treatment endometrial cytology showed no significant differences between inseminated and control mares (p = 0,78), and this result was confirmed when the analysis was restricted to mares with negative cytology at PRE (p = 1,0). Regarding bacteriological findings, a statistically significant association was observed between the PRE bacteriological result and pregnancy outcome (p = 0,013): all mares with a negative PRE swab became pregnant, whereas only 36,4% of mares with a positive PRE swab became pregnant. Overall, the results did not provide clear evidence of an effect of the insemination procedure or semen type on OS parameters 24 hours after treatment, possibly due to the action of uterine clearance mechanisms, the limited sample size, or an actual low sensitivity of these markers to the phenomenon investigated. At present, therefore, the OS markers analyzed do not appear to provide a clear clinical benefit for routine management of equine reproduction.
L’endometrite post-coitale è una risposta infiammatoria fisiologica che si manifesta nella maggior parte delle cavalle dopo l’inseminazione artificiale (AI). La sua fisiopatologia è ben descritta in letteratura, ma mancano tuttora dei parametri di laboratorio in grado di affiancare l’evidenza clinica fornita dalla valutazione ecografica del liquido uterino e dell’edema endometriale. Il presente studio si propone di identificare parametri clinici e laboratoristici facilmente reperibili nella pratica clinica, utili a valutare la risposta infiammatoria e di difesa dell’endometrio a seguito dell’inseminazione, con particolare attenzione ai marker di stress ossidativo (SO) misurati a livello del fluido endometriale. Durante la stagione riproduttiva 2025 presso l’OVUD dell’Università degli Studi di Padova, sono state selezionate 18 fattrici sottoposte ad AI con seme fresco refrigerato o congelato e 6 cavalle controllo, in cui è stata riprodotta la manualità inseminativa con infusione intrauterina di soluzione fisiologica sterile. Per ciascun soggetto sono stati raccolti prima del trattamento (PRE) e a 24 ore post-trattamento (inseminazione o introduzione di soluzione fisiologica sterile) (POST) l’esame ecografico, l’esame citologico e il liquido endometriale, quest’ultimo utilizzato per la determinazione di proteine totali, AOPP, tioli, carbonili proteici e TBARS. Il tampone batteriologico è stato eseguito unicamente al PRE. Dal confronto tra PRE e POST è emersa una riduzione significativa dei carbonili proteici (p = 0,0023), indipendentemente dal tipo di seme utilizzato o dal gruppo di appartenenza (inseminate o controlli); al contrario AOPP, tioli e TBARS non hanno mostrato variazioni statisticamente significative. Nel confronto tra il gruppo delle inseminate e il gruppo dei controlli nel POST, le AOPP sono risultate più elevate nelle cavalle inseminate rispetto ai controlli e più alte nelle cavalle andate incontro a gravidanza rispetto a quelle non gravide. Questi risultati, tuttavia, non hanno raggiunto la significatività statistica. È risultata, invece, statisticamente significativa la maggiore concentrazione di proteine totali al POST nelle cavalle controllo rispetto a quelle inseminate (p = 0,02). L’utilizzo di seme refrigerato o congelato non ha influito significativamente sui parametri di SO misurati nel POST. È stata evidenziata una tendenza alla diminuzione dei tioli, espressi su ml di fluido endometriale, nelle cavalle inseminate con seme fresco refrigerato rispetto al congelato (p = 0,086). Inoltre, le cavalle trattate con seme congelato hanno mostrato una maggior tendenza all’instaurazione della gravidanza, rispetto a quelle inseminate con seme fresco refrigerato (p = 0,070). La citologia endometriale nel POST non ha mostrato differenze significative tra cavalle inseminate e controlli (p = 0,78), risultato confermato anche restringendo l’analisi alle sole cavalle con citologia negativa al PRE (p = 1,0). Per quanto riguarda l’esito batteriologico, è emersa un’associazione statisticamente significativa tra il risultato del tampone al PRE e l’esito della gravidanza (p = 0,013): tutte le cavalle con tampone negativo nel PRE sono rimaste gravide, mentre solo il 36,4% delle cavalle con tampone positivo al PRE è comunque rimasto gravido. Nel complesso, i risultati non hanno permesso di dimostrare in modo chiaro un effetto della manualità inseminativa o del seme sui parametri di SO a 24 ore post-trattamento, verosimilmente per l’azione dei meccanismi di clearance uterina, per la ridotta numerosità campionaria o per un’effettiva scarsa sensibilità di questi marcatori al fenomeno indagato. Allo stato attuale, quindi, i marker di SO analizzati non sembrano offrire un’utilità clinica concreta nella gestione routinaria della riproduzione equina.
Endometrite post-coitale nella cavalla: correlazione tra reperti ecografici, citologici, batteriologici e marker di stress ossidativo nel fluido endometriale
ZANDONÀ, SARA
2025/2026
Abstract
Post-breeding endometritis is a physiological inflammatory response that occurs in most mares following artificial insemination (AI). Its pathophysiology is well described in the literature; however, laboratory parameters capable of complementing the clinical evidence provided by ultrasonographic evaluation of uterine fluid and endometrial oedema are still lacking. The aim of the present study was to identify clinical and laboratory parameters that are readily available in clinical practice and useful for assessing the inflammatory and endometrial defense response following insemination, with particular attention to oxidative stress (OS) markers measured in endometrial fluid. During the 2025 breeding season at the University Veterinary Teaching Hospital (OVUD) of the University of Padova, 18 mares undergoing AI with fresh-chilled or frozen semen and 6 control mares were selected. In the control group, the same manual procedure used for insemination was performed, with intrauterine infusion of sterile saline solution. For each subject, ultrasonographic examination, cytological examination, and endometrial fluid sampling were performed before treatment (PRE) and 24 hours after treatment (AI or intrauterine administration of sterile saline solution) (POST). Endometrial fluid was used to determine total protein, AOPP, thiols, protein carbonyls, and TBARS. Bacteriological examination was performed only at PRE. Comparison between PRE and POST revealed a significant reduction in protein carbonyls (p = 0,0023), regardless of the type of semen used or group assignment (inseminated or control); in contrast, AOPP, thiols, and TBARS did not show statistically significant changes. When comparing the inseminated and control groups at POST, AOPP levels were higher in inseminated mares than in controls and higher in mares that became pregnant than in non-pregnant mares. However, these differences did not reach statistical significance. Conversely, total protein concentration at POST was significantly higher in control mares than inseminated mares (p = 0,02). The use of fresh-chilled or frozen semen did not significantly affect the OS parameters measured at POST. A trend towards lower thiol concentrations, expressed per ml of endometrial fluid, was observed in mares inseminated with fresh-chilled semen compared with those inseminated with frozen semen (p = 0,086). Furthermore, mares treated with frozen semen showed a greater tendency to become pregnant compared with those inseminated with fresh-chilled semen (p = 0,070). Post-treatment endometrial cytology showed no significant differences between inseminated and control mares (p = 0,78), and this result was confirmed when the analysis was restricted to mares with negative cytology at PRE (p = 1,0). Regarding bacteriological findings, a statistically significant association was observed between the PRE bacteriological result and pregnancy outcome (p = 0,013): all mares with a negative PRE swab became pregnant, whereas only 36,4% of mares with a positive PRE swab became pregnant. Overall, the results did not provide clear evidence of an effect of the insemination procedure or semen type on OS parameters 24 hours after treatment, possibly due to the action of uterine clearance mechanisms, the limited sample size, or an actual low sensitivity of these markers to the phenomenon investigated. At present, therefore, the OS markers analyzed do not appear to provide a clear clinical benefit for routine management of equine reproduction.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/117918