The initiation and propagation of fatigue cracks are phenomena of primary importance both in fracture mechanics testing and in the structural health monitoring of real components. Measuring crack dimensions requires the use of non-destructive experimental techniques, among which the direct current electrical potential drop method. This method is based on the variation of the electrical resistance of the component induced by the presence and growth of the crack, which causes a progressive reduction of the resistant cross-section. The procedure involves injecting a known and constant direct current through the component, followed by the measurement of the electrical potential drop. Traditionally, the method is applied in a single-probe configuration, in which a single potential drop value is acquired. This configuration provides indications on the extent of the cracked area, but does not allow the unambiguous determination of its position, size, and shape. To overcome this limitation, the present work proposes the use of a multi-probe configuration, based on the measurement of the potential difference at multiple points on the component. The aim of the thesis is therefore to investigate the potential and limitations of the multi-probe electrical potential method for identifying the presence, location, and geometry of fatigue cracks, both surface and internal, in cylindrical specimens. The method was applied to cylindrical specimens made of AlSi10Mg manufactured through additive manufacturing and containing simulated surface and/or internal defects. Each specimen was instrumented with up to seven probes for measuring the potential drop, with the aim of identifying the geometry of the fatigue crack originating from the simulated defects during axial loading tests. The adopted procedure involves a preliminary evaluation through FEM simulations, aimed at understanding qualitatively and quantitatively the phenomenon to be observed experimentally and at obtaining calibration curves to be used in subsequent experiments. The experimental data are then used to validate the FEM model and to generate a numerical-experimental database. This database is finally used to train a diagnostic algorithm capable of estimating the shape and position of the crack present in the component.
L’innesco e la propagazione di cricche di fatica rappresentano fenomeni di primaria importanza sia nell’ambito delle prove di meccanica della frattura sia nel monitoraggio strutturale di componenti reali. La misura delle dimensioni della cricca richiede l’impiego di tecniche sperimentali non distruttive, tra cui il metodo del potenziale elettrico in corrente continua. Tale metodo si basa sulla variazione della resistenza elettrica del componente indotta dalla presenza e dall’accrescimento della cricca, che comporta una progressiva riduzione della sezione resistente. La procedura prevede l’iniezione, attraverso il componente, di una corrente continua di intensità nota e costante, seguita dalla misura della caduta di potenziale elettrico. Tradizionalmente, il metodo viene applicato in configurazione a sonda singola, nella quale si acquisisce un unico valore di caduta di potenziale. Questa configurazione consente di ottenere indicazioni sull’estensione dell’area criccata, ma non permette di determinarne in modo univoco posizione, dimensione e forma. Per superare tale limitazione, il presente lavoro propone l’impiego di una configurazione multi-sonda, basata sulla misura della differenza di potenziale in più punti del componente. L’obiettivo della tesi è quindi indagare le potenzialità e i limiti del metodo del potenziale elettrico multi-sonda per l’identificazione della presenza, della posizione e della geometria di cricche di fatica, sia superficiali sia interne, in provini cilindrici. Il metodo è stato applicato a provini cilindrici in AlSi10Mg realizzati mediante manifattura additiva e contenenti difetti simulati superficiali e/o interni. Ciascun provino è stato sensorizzato con un massimo di sette sonde per la misura della caduta di potenziale, con l’obiettivo di identificare la geometria della cricca di fatica originata dai difetti simulati durante prove di sollecitazione assiale. La procedura adottata prevede una valutazione preliminare mediante simulazioni FEM, finalizzata a comprendere qualitativamente e quantitativamente il fenomeno da osservare sperimentalmente e a ottenere curve di calibrazione utilizzabili nelle successive sperimentali. I dati sperimentali sono quindi impiegati per validare il modello FEM e per generare un database numerico-sperimentale. Tale database viene infine utilizzato per addestrare un algoritmo diagnostico in grado di stimare la forma e la posizione della cricca presente nel componente.
Monitoraggio della propagazione di cricche di fatica da difetti interni ed esterni in componenti cilindrici mediante metodo del potenziale elettrico multi-sonda
CONTE, LORENZO
2025/2026
Abstract
The initiation and propagation of fatigue cracks are phenomena of primary importance both in fracture mechanics testing and in the structural health monitoring of real components. Measuring crack dimensions requires the use of non-destructive experimental techniques, among which the direct current electrical potential drop method. This method is based on the variation of the electrical resistance of the component induced by the presence and growth of the crack, which causes a progressive reduction of the resistant cross-section. The procedure involves injecting a known and constant direct current through the component, followed by the measurement of the electrical potential drop. Traditionally, the method is applied in a single-probe configuration, in which a single potential drop value is acquired. This configuration provides indications on the extent of the cracked area, but does not allow the unambiguous determination of its position, size, and shape. To overcome this limitation, the present work proposes the use of a multi-probe configuration, based on the measurement of the potential difference at multiple points on the component. The aim of the thesis is therefore to investigate the potential and limitations of the multi-probe electrical potential method for identifying the presence, location, and geometry of fatigue cracks, both surface and internal, in cylindrical specimens. The method was applied to cylindrical specimens made of AlSi10Mg manufactured through additive manufacturing and containing simulated surface and/or internal defects. Each specimen was instrumented with up to seven probes for measuring the potential drop, with the aim of identifying the geometry of the fatigue crack originating from the simulated defects during axial loading tests. The adopted procedure involves a preliminary evaluation through FEM simulations, aimed at understanding qualitatively and quantitatively the phenomenon to be observed experimentally and at obtaining calibration curves to be used in subsequent experiments. The experimental data are then used to validate the FEM model and to generate a numerical-experimental database. This database is finally used to train a diagnostic algorithm capable of estimating the shape and position of the crack present in the component.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/118112