Regulation (EU) 2024/573 on fluorinated greenhouse gases promotes the replacement of refrigerants with a high Global Warming Potential (GWP) by alternatives with a lower environmental impact. However, many refrigerants that meet these environmental requirements are flammable, introducing new safety challenges for refrigeration and heat pump systems. This thesis develops a risk assessment methodology for refrigeration units using flammable refrigerants, with particular focus on fire and explosion hazards. Through a case study, the results obtained by applying the harmonized standard EN 378-2, used to verify safety requirements for CE marking, are compared with Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulations for the determination of hazardous distances and refrigerant release times. The results show that the standard-based approach provides a more conservative estimation of hazardous zones, whereas CFD simulations predict longer refrigerant release times. The study also investigates the vacuum conditions required for the safe rework of refrigeration units by evaluating both the amount of refrigerant remaining in the circuit and the quantity dissolved in the compressor oil. Finally, a Fault Tree Analysis (FTA) and a leak simulation test performed on real refrigeration units are used to assess, respectively, the risk of fire and explosion and compliance with the safety requirements needed for CE marking.
Il Regolamento (UE) 2024/573 sui gas fluorurati ad effetto serra promuove la sostituzione dei refrigeranti ad elevato Global Warming Potential (GWP) con alternative a basso impatto ambientale. Tuttavia, molti dei refrigeranti che soddisfano tali requisiti ambientali presentano caratteristiche di infiammabilità, introducendo nuove criticità legate alla sicurezza dei sistemi frigoriferi e delle pompe di calore. Il presente lavoro sviluppa una metodologia di valutazione del rischio applicata a unità frigorifere che impiegano refrigeranti infiammabili, con particolare attenzione ai rischi di incendio ed esplosione. Attraverso un caso studio, vengono confrontati i risultati ottenuti mediante l'applicazione della norma armonizzata EN 378‑2, utilizzata per la verifica dei requisiti di sicurezza ai fini della marcatura CE, e simulazioni fluidodinamiche CFD per la determinazione delle distanze pericolose e dei tempi di perdita del refrigerante. I risultati evidenziano come l'approccio normativo fornisca una stima più conservativa delle zone pericolose, mentre le simulazioni CFD prevedano tempi di rilascio maggiori. Lo studio affronta inoltre la definizione delle condizioni di vuoto necessarie per la rilavorazione sicura delle unità, valutando la quantità di refrigerante residua nel circuito e quella disciolta nell'olio del compressore. Infine, mediante una Fault Tree Analysis (FTA) e un leak simulation test condotto su unità frigorifere reali, vengono valutati rispettivamente il rischio di incendio ed esplosione e la conformità ai requisiti di sicurezza richiesti per la marcatura CE.
La valutazione del rischio nel ciclo di vita di unità frigorifere con refrigeranti infiammabili: metodi aziendali
CORSO, LORENZO
2025/2026
Abstract
Regulation (EU) 2024/573 on fluorinated greenhouse gases promotes the replacement of refrigerants with a high Global Warming Potential (GWP) by alternatives with a lower environmental impact. However, many refrigerants that meet these environmental requirements are flammable, introducing new safety challenges for refrigeration and heat pump systems. This thesis develops a risk assessment methodology for refrigeration units using flammable refrigerants, with particular focus on fire and explosion hazards. Through a case study, the results obtained by applying the harmonized standard EN 378-2, used to verify safety requirements for CE marking, are compared with Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulations for the determination of hazardous distances and refrigerant release times. The results show that the standard-based approach provides a more conservative estimation of hazardous zones, whereas CFD simulations predict longer refrigerant release times. The study also investigates the vacuum conditions required for the safe rework of refrigeration units by evaluating both the amount of refrigerant remaining in the circuit and the quantity dissolved in the compressor oil. Finally, a Fault Tree Analysis (FTA) and a leak simulation test performed on real refrigeration units are used to assess, respectively, the risk of fire and explosion and compliance with the safety requirements needed for CE marking.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/118113