Alexander disease is a rare neurodegenerative disorder that provokes astrocyte dysfunction, white matter degeneration, and ultimately, brain derangement. Clinically, the disease is classified in infantile, juvenile and adult. Evidence demonstrates that it is caused by mutations in the gene encoding the glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), a protein that belongs to the type III class of intermediate filaments. This protein is fundamental for the homeostasis of the cells, including the function of organelles, such as mitochondria and lysosomes. Morphologically, the disease is characterized by the appearance of aggregates, called Rosenthal fibers, containing GFAP and other proteins, in astrocytes. Mutations are usually single point substitutions and can occur at almost any place along the sequence of the protein. Some of the most common are: R239C, R239H (Arg239Cys/His), R79C (Arg79Cys), R88C (Arg88Cys) and R416W (Arg416Trp). Biologically, scientists are trying to understand the pathogenic events provoked by each mutation, from the alterations of the GFAP network, with formation of aggregates and abnormal filaments, to better understand which targets could be used for pharmacological treatment, since nowadays the existing therapies are only symptomatic or experimental. This study aims to confront two GFAP mutants associated with Alexander disease, E373K and E373G, with the objective of understanding their impact on the morphology of the intermediate filament network and on the response of the cells under control and stress conditions. The final goal is to assess potential protective strategies. Using mutagenesis, expression plasmids containing the mutation were generated and later amplified in bacteria. After confirming the presence of the desired mutation by sequencing, plasmids were transfected into U-87 MG cells, a cell line derived from human astrocytoma/glioblastoma. The cells were then treated under stress conditions with H₂O₂ to observe their response compared to the WT. Immunofluorescence was then performed with different antibodies and nuclei were stained with DAPI to obtain images under a fluorescence microscope. Finally, western blots were also performed to quantify the total amount of protein in the cells and the levels of GFAP and vimentin, with the aim of determining the impact of the mutants on the cytoskeleton integrity and the functionality of the cells. We observed a clear difference between the two mutants: GFP-GFAP E373G displayed a phenotype more similar to the wild type, whereas GFP-GFAP E373K exhibited a more severe phenotype characterized by the presence of aggregates. Although these alterations appeared to worsen under stress conditions, there were not statistically significant differences in the mitochondrial morphology. compared to the wild type. Consequently, protective strategies were evaluated under basal conditions to assess their initial efficacy. This revealed distinct response profiles to the compounds between the mutants, emphasizing the need for target strategies.
La malattia di Alexander è una rara leucodistrofia che causa la degenerazione della materia bianca cerebrale. È causata dalla mutazione di una proteina che compone i filamenti intermedi, detta GFAP. Se mutata, provoca l’accumulo di aggregati nella cellula, chiamati fibre di Rosenthal, che portano a un malfunzionamento di mitocondri e lisosomi, fino alla morte stessa della cellula. Clinicamente, si è soliti classificare la malattia in: forma infantile, giovanile e adulta o sulla base delle lesioni alla spina dorsale e quelle cerebrali. In base al tipo di mutazione, le condizioni possono essere più o meno severe e le più comuni sono: R239C, R239H (Arg239Cys/His), R79C (Arg79Cys), R88C (Arg88Cys) e R416W (Arg416Trp). A livello biologico, si sta cercando di caratterizzare gli aspetti caratteristici di ogni mutazione, che siano l’accumulo di aggregati o la presenza di filamenti, così da capire la gravità e poter identificare il target giusto per una futura terapia medica. Il seguente studio si propone di valutare due varianti, E373K e E373G. L'obiettivo consiste nello studiare le cellule in condizioni basali e di stress, per valutarne la morfologia e la risposta, ponendo le basi per un successivo saggio di strategie neuroprotettive. Sperimentalmente, le mutazioni sono state introdotte tramite mutagenisi in vettori batterici. In seguito alla selezione della colonia positiva, il DNA plasmidico è stato isolato tramite una miniprep, quantificato poi tramite spettrofotometro Nanodrop. Cellule U-87 MG di glioblastoma umano, usate come modello astrocitario, sono state trasfettate transitoriamente con la mutazione di interesse, amplificata con una maxiprep. Le cellule trasfettate sono state successivamente trattate in condizione di stress con H₂O₂ per vedere la loro risposta rispetto al controllo, WT. La morfologia cellulare e la distribuzione degli aggregati sono state analizzate mediante immunofluorescienza, usando diversi anticorpi e DAPI, con successiva acquisizione delle immagini. Infine, tramite western blot si è quantificata la quantità di proteina totale nella cellula e l'espressione dei livelli di GFAP e vimentina, al fine di determinare l'impatto delle varianti sull'integrità del citoscheletro e le funzioni cellulari. Quello che abbiamo osservato è stata una chiara differenza tra i due mutanti, in quanto E373G ha un fenotipo più simile a wt, mentre E373K è più grave con la comparsa di aggregati. Queste condizioni sembrano peggiorare in condizioni di stress ossidativo, anche se non si sono ottenuti risultati statisticamente significativi confrontandoli con il wt. Per questo motivo le strategie protettive si sono testate in condizioni normali, per valutarne un primo effetto. Questo ha dimostrato la diversa reazione dei mutanti ai composti, sottolineando l’importanza di una strategia mirata per ciascuno.
Approaches for the study of Alexander disease in an astrocytoma cellular model
CONCATO, CARLOTTA
2025/2026
Abstract
Alexander disease is a rare neurodegenerative disorder that provokes astrocyte dysfunction, white matter degeneration, and ultimately, brain derangement. Clinically, the disease is classified in infantile, juvenile and adult. Evidence demonstrates that it is caused by mutations in the gene encoding the glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), a protein that belongs to the type III class of intermediate filaments. This protein is fundamental for the homeostasis of the cells, including the function of organelles, such as mitochondria and lysosomes. Morphologically, the disease is characterized by the appearance of aggregates, called Rosenthal fibers, containing GFAP and other proteins, in astrocytes. Mutations are usually single point substitutions and can occur at almost any place along the sequence of the protein. Some of the most common are: R239C, R239H (Arg239Cys/His), R79C (Arg79Cys), R88C (Arg88Cys) and R416W (Arg416Trp). Biologically, scientists are trying to understand the pathogenic events provoked by each mutation, from the alterations of the GFAP network, with formation of aggregates and abnormal filaments, to better understand which targets could be used for pharmacological treatment, since nowadays the existing therapies are only symptomatic or experimental. This study aims to confront two GFAP mutants associated with Alexander disease, E373K and E373G, with the objective of understanding their impact on the morphology of the intermediate filament network and on the response of the cells under control and stress conditions. The final goal is to assess potential protective strategies. Using mutagenesis, expression plasmids containing the mutation were generated and later amplified in bacteria. After confirming the presence of the desired mutation by sequencing, plasmids were transfected into U-87 MG cells, a cell line derived from human astrocytoma/glioblastoma. The cells were then treated under stress conditions with H₂O₂ to observe their response compared to the WT. Immunofluorescence was then performed with different antibodies and nuclei were stained with DAPI to obtain images under a fluorescence microscope. Finally, western blots were also performed to quantify the total amount of protein in the cells and the levels of GFAP and vimentin, with the aim of determining the impact of the mutants on the cytoskeleton integrity and the functionality of the cells. We observed a clear difference between the two mutants: GFP-GFAP E373G displayed a phenotype more similar to the wild type, whereas GFP-GFAP E373K exhibited a more severe phenotype characterized by the presence of aggregates. Although these alterations appeared to worsen under stress conditions, there were not statistically significant differences in the mitochondrial morphology. compared to the wild type. Consequently, protective strategies were evaluated under basal conditions to assess their initial efficacy. This revealed distinct response profiles to the compounds between the mutants, emphasizing the need for target strategies.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/118573