Phenylketonuria (PKU) is a chronic hereditary metabolic disorder characterized by a deficiency of the enzyme phenylalanine hydroxylase and a consequent increase in blood phenylalanine levels. Thanks to newborn screening and early treatment initiation, it is now possible to prevent the main neurological and cognitive consequences of the disease. However, the primary treatment for PKU relies on a protein-restricted diet, the intake of amino acid supplements, and constant monitoring of phenylalanine levels. These aspects require daily and continuous commitment and can impact psychological well-being, quality of life, and family relationships, especially during childhood and adolescence.This study aims to investigate the quality of life, the presence of internalizing symptoms, and the quality of the parent-child relationship in pediatric and adolescent patients with PKU, while also exploring possible associations between these dimensions. Fifteen patients (aged 7–16 years) followed at the UOC of Hereditary Metabolic Diseases of the Padua University Hospital were involved. Quality of life was assessed using the Phenylketonuria Impact and Treatment Quality of Life Questionnaire (PKU-QOL), while anxiety symptoms and psychological functioning were investigated using the Spence Children’s Anxiety Scale (SCAS) and the Psychiatric Self-Rating Scales for Children and Adolescents (SAFA), respectively. The quality of the parent-child relationship was evaluated through the Separation Anxiety Test (SAT).The results showed that the areas most impacted by PKU are the emotional sphere and the overall management of the disease (measured by the PKU-QOL), which are associated with the presence of internalizing symptoms such as anxiety and depression in some patients. Correlations highlighted an association between the impact of PKU on quality of life and anxiety symptoms (r = .732; p = .002). Positive correlations also emerged between quality of life and somatic symptoms, eating disorders, obsessive-compulsive symptoms, and depressive symptoms. Concurrently, a better quality of the parent-child relationship was associated with a lower presence of depressive symptoms in patients (r = -.556; p = .032).Overall, the findings emphasize the importance of assessing the psychological and relational well-being of the young PKU patient, alongside health status and metabolic indicators. The complexity of internalizing symptoms and the weight of the parent-child relationship call for a multidimensional, family-oriented clinical intervention aimed not only at controlling phenylalanine levels, but also at safeguarding the patients' quality of life and emotional well-being. The results suggest the importance of integrating metabolic monitoring with systematic psychological evaluation, and of valuing the family context as a potential protective factor in the emotional development of pediatric PKU patients.
La fenilchetonuria (PKU) è una patologia metabolica ereditaria cronica caratterizzata da un deficit dell’enzima fenilalanina idrossilasi e da un conseguente aumento dei livelli ematici di fenilalanina. Grazie allo screening neonatale e all’avvio precoce del trattamento, oggi è possibile prevenire le principali conseguenze neurologiche e cognitive della malattia. Tuttavia, la terapia d'elezione della PKU è basata su una dieta restrittiva nell’apporto proteico, assunzione di integratori aminoacidi e costante monitoraggio dei livelli di fenilalanina. Tali aspetti richiedono un impegno quotidiano e continuativo, e possono incidere sul benessere psicologico, sulla qualità della vita e sulle relazioni familiari, soprattutto durante l’infanzia e l’adolescenza. Il presente studio si propone di indagare la qualità di vita, la presenza di sintomi internalizzanti e la qualità della relazione genitore-figlio in pazienti pediatrici e adolescenti con PKU, esplorando inoltre le possibili associazioni tra queste dimensioni. Sono stati coinvolti 15 pazienti (7-16 anni) seguiti presso l’UOC Malattie Metaboliche Ereditarie dell’Azienda Ospedaliera Università di Padova. La qualità di vita è stata valutata attraverso il Phenylketonuria Impact and Treatment Quality of Life Questionnaire (PKU-QOL), mentre i sintomi ansiosi e il funzionamento psicologico sono stati indagati rispettivamente mediante la Spence Children’s Anxiety Scale (SCAS) e le Scale Psichiatriche di Autosomministrazione per Fanciulli e Adolescenti (SAFA). La qualità della relazione genitore-figlio è stata valutata attraverso il Separation Anxiety Test (SAT). I risultati hanno mostrato che le aree più impattate dalla Fenilchetonuria (PKU) sono la sfera emotiva e la gestione complessiva della malattia (misurate dal PKU-QOL), a cui si associano la presenza di sintomi internalizzanti come ansia e depressione presenti in alcuni pazienti. Le correlazioni hanno evidenziato una associazione tra l’impatto della PKU sulla qualità di vita e i sintomi ansiosi (r = .732; p = .002). Sono inoltre emerse correlazioni positive tra la qualità di vita e i sintomi somatici, i disturbi alimentari, i sintomi ossessivo-compulsivi e quelli depressivi. Parallelamente, una migliore qualità della relazione genitore-figlio è risultata associata a una minore presenza di sintomi depressivi nei pazienti (r = -.556; p = .032). Nel complesso, i risultati sottolineano l’importanza di valutare il benessere psicologico e relazionale del giovane paziente con PKU, unitamente allo stato di salute e il livello di indicatori metabolici. La complessità dei sintomi internalizzanti e il peso della relazione genitore-figlio richiedono un intervento clinico che sia multidimensionale e orientato alla famiglia, volto non solo al controllo della fenilalanina, ma anche alla tutela della qualità di vita e del benessere emotivo dei pazienti. I risultati suggeriscono l’importanza di integrare il monitoraggio metabolico con una valutazione psicologica sistematica, e di valorizzare il contesto familiare come possibile fattore protettivo nello sviluppo emotivo dei pazienti pediatrici con PKU.
Qualità di vita e disturbi internalizzanti nei pazienti pediatrici ed adolescenti affetti da Fenilchetonuria
DI PUMPO, SARA
2025/2026
Abstract
Phenylketonuria (PKU) is a chronic hereditary metabolic disorder characterized by a deficiency of the enzyme phenylalanine hydroxylase and a consequent increase in blood phenylalanine levels. Thanks to newborn screening and early treatment initiation, it is now possible to prevent the main neurological and cognitive consequences of the disease. However, the primary treatment for PKU relies on a protein-restricted diet, the intake of amino acid supplements, and constant monitoring of phenylalanine levels. These aspects require daily and continuous commitment and can impact psychological well-being, quality of life, and family relationships, especially during childhood and adolescence.This study aims to investigate the quality of life, the presence of internalizing symptoms, and the quality of the parent-child relationship in pediatric and adolescent patients with PKU, while also exploring possible associations between these dimensions. Fifteen patients (aged 7–16 years) followed at the UOC of Hereditary Metabolic Diseases of the Padua University Hospital were involved. Quality of life was assessed using the Phenylketonuria Impact and Treatment Quality of Life Questionnaire (PKU-QOL), while anxiety symptoms and psychological functioning were investigated using the Spence Children’s Anxiety Scale (SCAS) and the Psychiatric Self-Rating Scales for Children and Adolescents (SAFA), respectively. The quality of the parent-child relationship was evaluated through the Separation Anxiety Test (SAT).The results showed that the areas most impacted by PKU are the emotional sphere and the overall management of the disease (measured by the PKU-QOL), which are associated with the presence of internalizing symptoms such as anxiety and depression in some patients. Correlations highlighted an association between the impact of PKU on quality of life and anxiety symptoms (r = .732; p = .002). Positive correlations also emerged between quality of life and somatic symptoms, eating disorders, obsessive-compulsive symptoms, and depressive symptoms. Concurrently, a better quality of the parent-child relationship was associated with a lower presence of depressive symptoms in patients (r = -.556; p = .032).Overall, the findings emphasize the importance of assessing the psychological and relational well-being of the young PKU patient, alongside health status and metabolic indicators. The complexity of internalizing symptoms and the weight of the parent-child relationship call for a multidimensional, family-oriented clinical intervention aimed not only at controlling phenylalanine levels, but also at safeguarding the patients' quality of life and emotional well-being. The results suggest the importance of integrating metabolic monitoring with systematic psychological evaluation, and of valuing the family context as a potential protective factor in the emotional development of pediatric PKU patients.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/118780