Background. Pseudomonas aeruginosa represents one of the main pathogens responsible for severe nosocomial infections in patients undergoing cardiac surgery and admitted to the Cardiac Surgery Intensive Care Unit. The increasing spread of multidrug-resistant strains combined with the clinical complexity of this population, results in high morbidity and mortality and poses significant challenges in selecting optimal antimicrobial therapy. Methods. A single-center retrospective observational study was conducted to describe the clinical and microbiological characteristics and outcomes of patients with severe Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection (pneumonia, bloodstream infections, and surgical site infections) admitted to the Cardiac Surgery Department and Cardiac Surgery Intensive Care Unit of the Azienda Ospedale-Università di Padova between 2021 and 2025. The primary endpoint was 28-day mortality. Characteristics of survivors and non survivors were compared using univariate analysis. Factors associated with the outcome were identified through multivariate logistic regression. Results. A total of 73 patients with severe Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection were included. The 28 day mortality rate was 17.8%. Compared to survivors, non-survivors more frequently had a history of ischemic heart disease [53.8% versus 23.3%, p=0.02] and more often required the use of ECMO and CVVH prior to infection [76.9% versus 30.0%, p=0.001 and 84.6% versus 55.0%, p=0.04]. At the infection onset, non-survivors more frequently developed hemodynamic worsening [100% versus 51.7%, p=0.001], sepsis [69.2% versus 40.0%, p=0.05], and septic shock [46.2% versus 6.7%, p=0.01]. Following infection, they more often required ECMO support [38.5% versus 6.7%, p=0.01] and CVVH [69.2% versus 28.3%, p=0.005]. Conversely, appropriate empirical antibiotic therapy and ceftolozane/tazobactam use were significantly more common among survivors [15.4% versus 61.7%, p=0.007 and 7.7% versus 43.3%, p=0.015]. In multivariate analysis, a history of ischemic heart disease (OR 13.45, IC95% 1.4-128.3, p=0.02) and sepsis (OR 26.6, IC95% 2.7-254.4, p=0.004) were independently associated with an increased risk of 28-day mortality, whereas appropriate empirical antibiotic therapy was associated with a significant reduction in mortality (OR 0.1, IC95% 0.01-0.4, p=0.01). Conclusions. Severe Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections in this cohort of cardiac surgery patients were associated with high mortality. Ischemic heart disease and sepsis emerged as independent predictors of death,while timely administration of appropriate empirical antibiotic therapy was associated with improved survival. These findings underscore the importance of early infection recognition and rapid optimization of antimicrobial strategies in this highly complex patient population.
Background. Pseudomonas aeruginosa rappresenta uno dei principali patogeni responsabili di infezioni nosocomiali severe nei pazienti sottoposti a chirurgia cardiaca e ricoverati in Terapia Intensiva Cardiochirurgica. La crescente diffusione di ceppi multiresistenti associata alla complessità clinica di questa popolazione rendono tali infezioni gravate da elevata morbilità e mortalità, ponendo importanti sfide nella scelta della terapia antimicrobica ottimale. Metodi. È stato condotto uno studio osservazionale retrospettivo monocentrico volto a descrivere le caratteristiche cliniche, microbiologiche e gli outcome dei pazienti con infezione severa da Pseudomonas aeruginosa (polmoniti, infezioni del torrente ematico e infezioni del sito chirurgico) ricoverati presso la Cardiochirurgia e la Terapia Intensiva Cardiochirurgica dell'Azienda Ospedale-Università di Padova nel periodo 2021–2025. L'endpoint primario è stato rappresentato dalla mortalità a 28 giorni. Le caratteristiche dei pazienti sopravvissuti e deceduti sono state confrontate mediante analisi univariata. I fattori associati all'outcome sono stati identificati mediante regressione logistica multivariata. Risultati. Sono stati inclusi 73 pazienti con infezione severa da Pseudomonas aeruginosa. La mortalità a 28 giorni è risultata pari al 17.8%. Rispetto ai sopravvissuti, i pazienti deceduti presentavano più spesso una storia di cardiopatia ischemica [53.8% versus 23.3%, p=0.02] e avevano necessitato più frequentemente di ECMO e di CVVH prima dell’infezione [76.9% versus 30.0%, p=0.001 e 84.6% versus 55.0%, p=0.04]. Al momento dell’infezione, i pazienti deceduti rispetto ai sopravvissuti mostravano più frequentemente un peggioramento emodinamico [100% versus 51.7%, p=0.001], sepsi [69.2% versus 40.0%, p=0.05] e shock settico [46.2% versus 6.7%, p=0.01]. In seguito all’infezione, i pazienti deceduti rispetto ai sopravvissuti avevano più spesso necessitato di supporto ECMO [38.5% versus 6.7%, p=0.01] e impiego di CVVH [69.2% versus 28.3%, p=0.005]. Al contrario, l’impiego di una terapia antibiotica empirica appropriata e l’impiego di ceftolozane/tazobactam sono risultati più frequenti tra i pazienti sopravvissuti [15.4% versus 61.7%, p=0.007 e 7.7% versus 43.3%, p=0.015]. All'analisi multivariata la storia di cardiopatia ischemica e la sepsi sono risultate correlate in modo indipendente a un aumentato rischio di mortalità a 28 giorni (OR 13.45, IC95% 1.4-128.3, p=0.02), (OR 26.6, IC95% 2.7-254.4, p=0.004), mentre la somministrazione di una terapia antibiotica empirica appropriata è risultata associata a una riduzione significativa della mortalità (OR 0.1, IC95% 0.01-0.4, p=0.01). Conclusioni. Le infezioni severe da Pseudomonas aeruginosa in questa coorte di pazienti sottoposti a chirurgia cardiaca si sono associate ad un'elevata mortalità. La presenza di cardiopatia ischemica e lo sviluppo di sepsi sono risultate associate a un aumentato rischio di mortalità, mentre la tempestiva somministrazione di una terapia antibiotica empirica appropriata è risultata associata a un miglioramento della sopravvivenza. Questi risultati sottolineano l'importanza di un riconoscimento precoce dell'infezione e dell'ottimizzazione della strategia antimicrobica in una popolazione ad elevata complessità clinica.
Infezioni severe da Pseudomonas aeruginosa nel paziente cardiochirurgico: caratteristiche cliniche e outcome di una coorte ospedaliera
MARINSALTA, SOFIA
2025/2026
Abstract
Background. Pseudomonas aeruginosa represents one of the main pathogens responsible for severe nosocomial infections in patients undergoing cardiac surgery and admitted to the Cardiac Surgery Intensive Care Unit. The increasing spread of multidrug-resistant strains combined with the clinical complexity of this population, results in high morbidity and mortality and poses significant challenges in selecting optimal antimicrobial therapy. Methods. A single-center retrospective observational study was conducted to describe the clinical and microbiological characteristics and outcomes of patients with severe Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection (pneumonia, bloodstream infections, and surgical site infections) admitted to the Cardiac Surgery Department and Cardiac Surgery Intensive Care Unit of the Azienda Ospedale-Università di Padova between 2021 and 2025. The primary endpoint was 28-day mortality. Characteristics of survivors and non survivors were compared using univariate analysis. Factors associated with the outcome were identified through multivariate logistic regression. Results. A total of 73 patients with severe Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection were included. The 28 day mortality rate was 17.8%. Compared to survivors, non-survivors more frequently had a history of ischemic heart disease [53.8% versus 23.3%, p=0.02] and more often required the use of ECMO and CVVH prior to infection [76.9% versus 30.0%, p=0.001 and 84.6% versus 55.0%, p=0.04]. At the infection onset, non-survivors more frequently developed hemodynamic worsening [100% versus 51.7%, p=0.001], sepsis [69.2% versus 40.0%, p=0.05], and septic shock [46.2% versus 6.7%, p=0.01]. Following infection, they more often required ECMO support [38.5% versus 6.7%, p=0.01] and CVVH [69.2% versus 28.3%, p=0.005]. Conversely, appropriate empirical antibiotic therapy and ceftolozane/tazobactam use were significantly more common among survivors [15.4% versus 61.7%, p=0.007 and 7.7% versus 43.3%, p=0.015]. In multivariate analysis, a history of ischemic heart disease (OR 13.45, IC95% 1.4-128.3, p=0.02) and sepsis (OR 26.6, IC95% 2.7-254.4, p=0.004) were independently associated with an increased risk of 28-day mortality, whereas appropriate empirical antibiotic therapy was associated with a significant reduction in mortality (OR 0.1, IC95% 0.01-0.4, p=0.01). Conclusions. Severe Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections in this cohort of cardiac surgery patients were associated with high mortality. Ischemic heart disease and sepsis emerged as independent predictors of death,while timely administration of appropriate empirical antibiotic therapy was associated with improved survival. These findings underscore the importance of early infection recognition and rapid optimization of antimicrobial strategies in this highly complex patient population.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/118784