Understanding the human being entails questioning not only the phenomena we seek to investigate, but also the assumptions through which these phenomena are observed, described, and interpreted. Starting from this consideration, the present work offers a theoretical and critical reflection on the role of naturalism in the construction of Western knowledge and on its implications for understanding human experience. The aim is not to question the value of scientific knowledge or to propose an alternative to the naturalist paradigm, but rather to critically examine the ways in which a given epistemological framework shapes what is considered relevant, observable, and explainable. The first chapter reconstructs some of the key stages in the development of naturalism, examining its ontological and epistemological assumptions and relating them to contemporary anthropological debates. Comparing different ways of organizing the relationship between human beings and the world makes it possible to consider categories such as nature, culture, and the individual not as universal descriptions of reality, but as historically and culturally situated constructions. The second chapter extends this reflection to modern medicine and psychology, examining how these assumptions contribute to defining concepts such as health, illness, suffering, and well-being. Particular attention is devoted to the tendency to privilege the individual and intrapsychic processes as the primary units of analysis, with the risk of separating experiences of suffering from the historical, social, cultural, and relational conditions in which they take shape. The third chapter considers perspectives within contemporary psychology that allow this view to be broadened, proposing a more complex and situated conception of human experience. From this perspective, the individual is not regarded as an isolated entity, but as the outcome of a dynamic interplay between the body, personal history, relationships, context, and systems of meaning. Accordingly, suffering and well-being can also be understood as situated experiences that emerge from the interaction of multiple levels and cannot be reduced exclusively to biological, psychological, or social dimensions. Overall, the research highlights the need to engage with the complexity of human experience without turning any single dimension into a general explanatory principle. The proposed perspective therefore does not aim to replace existing explanations, but rather to promote greater awareness of their underlying assumptions, limitations, and possibilities. Understanding the human being requires, in this sense, an approach capable of integrating different levels of analysis, recognizing that each individual is simultaneously a body, a subject, a relational being, and part of a broader context.
Comprendere l’essere umano implica interrogarsi non soltanto sui fenomeni che si intendono conoscere, ma anche sui presupposti attraverso cui tali fenomeni vengono osservati, descritti e interpretati. A partire da questa considerazione, il presente lavoro propone una riflessione teorico-critica sul ruolo del naturalismo nella costruzione della conoscenza occidentale e sulle sue implicazioni per la comprensione dell’esperienza umana. L’obiettivo non è mettere in discussione il valore della conoscenza scientifica né proporre un’alternativa al paradigma naturalista, ma analizzare criticamente le modalità attraverso cui una determinata impostazione conoscitiva orienta ciò che viene considerato rilevante, osservabile e spiegabile. Il primo capitolo ricostruisce alcuni passaggi fondamentali della formazione del naturalismo, analizzandone i presupposti ontologici ed epistemologici e mettendoli in relazione con il dibattito antropologico contemporaneo. Il confronto con differenti modalità di organizzare il rapporto tra esseri umani e mondo permette di considerare categorie quali natura, cultura e individuo non come descrizioni universali della realtà, ma come costruzioni storicamente e culturalmente situate. Il secondo capitolo porta questa riflessione all’interno della medicina e della psicologia moderna, esaminando il modo in cui tali presupposti contribuiscono a definire concetti quali salute, malattia, sofferenza e benessere. Particolare attenzione viene rivolta alla tendenza a privilegiare l’individuo e i processi intrapsichici come principali unità di analisi, con il rischio di separare le esperienze di sofferenza dalle condizioni storiche, sociali, culturali e relazionali nelle quali esse prendono forma. Il terzo capitolo considera alcune prospettive della psicologia contemporanea che consentono di ampliare tale sguardo, proponendo una concezione maggiormente complessa e situata dell’esperienza umana. In questa prospettiva, l’individuo non viene considerato come un’entità isolata, ma come il risultato di un intreccio dinamico tra corpo, storia personale, relazioni, contesto e sistemi di significato. Di conseguenza, anche sofferenza e benessere possono essere compresi come esperienze situate, che emergono dall’interazione tra molteplici livelli e non possono essere ricondotte esclusivamente alla dimensione biologica, psicologica o sociale. Nel complesso, la ricerca evidenzia la necessità di confrontarsi con la complessità dell’esperienza umana senza trasformare una singola dimensione in un principio esplicativo generale. La prospettiva proposta non mira quindi a sostituire le spiegazioni esistenti, ma a promuovere una maggiore consapevolezza dei loro presupposti, dei loro limiti e delle loro possibilità. Comprendere l’essere umano richiede, in questa direzione, uno sguardo capace di integrare diversi livelli di analisi, riconoscendo che ogni individuo è simultaneamente corpo, soggetto, relazione e parte di un contesto.
Conoscere l'essere umano: Naturalismo, complessità e costruzione della conoscenza nella psicologia contemporanea
MARIANESCHI, NICCOLÒ
2025/2026
Abstract
Understanding the human being entails questioning not only the phenomena we seek to investigate, but also the assumptions through which these phenomena are observed, described, and interpreted. Starting from this consideration, the present work offers a theoretical and critical reflection on the role of naturalism in the construction of Western knowledge and on its implications for understanding human experience. The aim is not to question the value of scientific knowledge or to propose an alternative to the naturalist paradigm, but rather to critically examine the ways in which a given epistemological framework shapes what is considered relevant, observable, and explainable. The first chapter reconstructs some of the key stages in the development of naturalism, examining its ontological and epistemological assumptions and relating them to contemporary anthropological debates. Comparing different ways of organizing the relationship between human beings and the world makes it possible to consider categories such as nature, culture, and the individual not as universal descriptions of reality, but as historically and culturally situated constructions. The second chapter extends this reflection to modern medicine and psychology, examining how these assumptions contribute to defining concepts such as health, illness, suffering, and well-being. Particular attention is devoted to the tendency to privilege the individual and intrapsychic processes as the primary units of analysis, with the risk of separating experiences of suffering from the historical, social, cultural, and relational conditions in which they take shape. The third chapter considers perspectives within contemporary psychology that allow this view to be broadened, proposing a more complex and situated conception of human experience. From this perspective, the individual is not regarded as an isolated entity, but as the outcome of a dynamic interplay between the body, personal history, relationships, context, and systems of meaning. Accordingly, suffering and well-being can also be understood as situated experiences that emerge from the interaction of multiple levels and cannot be reduced exclusively to biological, psychological, or social dimensions. Overall, the research highlights the need to engage with the complexity of human experience without turning any single dimension into a general explanatory principle. The proposed perspective therefore does not aim to replace existing explanations, but rather to promote greater awareness of their underlying assumptions, limitations, and possibilities. Understanding the human being requires, in this sense, an approach capable of integrating different levels of analysis, recognizing that each individual is simultaneously a body, a subject, a relational being, and part of a broader context.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/118794