In recent years, the rapid advancement of neurotechnologies and artificial intelligence has ushered in an era of profound transformation in how computational systems interact with human brain activity. Brain-Computer Interfaces (BCIs), originally developed in clinical and rehabilitative settings to record or modulate electrical signals within the nervous system, have achieved a major breakthrough through their integration with advanced Machine Learning and Deep Learning models. This convergence has enabled the development of closed-loop architectures capable of decoding complex neural signals, reconstructing semantic or mnemonic content, and anticipating pre-conscious processes, all while adapting in real time to the electrophysiological profile of the individual. Alongside extraordinary therapeutic successes in motor neurorehabilitation, augmentative communication, and the management of complex neurological or psychiatric conditions, the deployment of such devices raises pressing ethical, neurolegal, and psychological questions. Direct access to the neural substrate threatens mental privacy through the inception problem, exposing individuals to risks of digital surveillance, algorithmic nudging, brainjacking, and decision-making vulnerabilities induced by epistemic dependence or automation bias. Given the opacity of computational models and the resulting responsibility gap, there is an urgent need to establish a universal framework of neurorights and implement governance policies rooted in transparency and distributive justice. Clinically and phenomenologically, the embodiment of intelligent artifacts significantly alters an individual's psychological ecology, impacting device acceptability, body image, and overall quality of life. The use of invasive or predictive neurodevices can generate complex psychopathological risks, including impulse control disorders, hypomanic manifestations, and distressing trade-offs between mental health and motor control. These are often accompanied by distressing experiences of self-estrangement, ruptures in psychological continuity, and relational crises encapsulated by the "burden of normality." Such dynamics prove even more critical when examined within neurocognitively vulnerable populations, such as minors, psychiatric patients, and individuals facing digital literacy divides. In light of these challenges, this thesis systematically examines the impact of human-machine hybridization through the theoretical lens of 4E Cognition,most notably the Extended Mind thesis and Enactivism, interpreting BCIs as cognitive and sensorimotor artifacts that co-construct human agency through ongoing processes of sense-making. The analysis reaffirms the essential role of psychologists within multidisciplinary teams for preoperative assessment, training-related fatigue management, and support in renegotiating the patient's narrative identity and relational autonomy. Ultimately, this work emphasizes the necessity of directing future research toward ecologically valid trials and co-adaptation models guided by the AI for Social Good paradigm, ensuring that the convergence of mind and technology remains dedicated to human health, authenticity, and dignity.
Negli ultimi anni, il rapido progresso delle neurotecnologie e dell'intelligenza artificiale ha inaugurato una stagione di profonda trasformazione nei processi di interazione tra sistemi computazionali e attività cerebrale umana. Le interfacce cervello-computer (Brain-Computer Interfaces, BCI), nate in contesti clinici e riabilitativi per registrare o modulare i segnali elettrici del sistema nervoso, hanno compiuto un salto qualitativo decisivo grazie all'integrazione con modelli avanzati di Machine Learning e Deep Learning. Questa convergenza ha permesso lo sviluppo di architetture a circuito chiuso (closed-loop) capaci di decodificare segnali neurali complessi, ricostruire contenuti semantici o mnemonici e anticipare processi pre-consapevoli, adeguandosi in tempo reale alle caratteristiche elettrofisiologiche del singolo individuo. Accanto agli straordinari successi terapeutici nella neuroriabilitazione motoria, nella comunicazione aumentata e nella gestione di patologie neurologiche o psichiatriche complesse, l'impiego di tali dispositivi solleva insidiosi interrogativi di natura etica, neurogiuridica e psicologica. L'accesso diretto al substrato cerebrale minaccia il principio della privacy mentale attraverso il problema dell'origine (Inception problem), esponendo il soggetto a rischi di sorveglianza digitale, nudging algoritmico, Brainjacking e vulnerabilità decisionale indotta da dipendenza epistemica o bias di automazione. Di fronte all'opacità dei modelli informatici e al conseguente vuoto di responsabilità (Responsibility Gap), emerge la necessità di codificare un'architettura universale di neurodiritti e di attuare politiche di governance basate sulla trasparenza e sulla giustizia distributiva. Sul piano clinico e fenomenologico, l'incorporazione di artefatti intelligenti altera in modo significativo l'ecologia psicologica dell'individuo, condizionando l'accettabilità, l'immagine corporea e la qualità della vita. L'uso di neurodispositivi invasivi o predittivi può generare complessi rischi psicopatologici, tra cui disturbi del controllo degli impulsi, manifestazioni ipomaniacali e drammatici trade-off tra salute mentale e controllo motorio, unitamente a vissuti angoscianti di auto-straniamento (Self-estrangement), rotture nella continuità psicologica e crisi relazionali descritte dal fardello della normalità (Burden of normality). Tali dinamiche risultano ancora più critiche se esaminate all'interno di popolazioni neurocognitivamente vulnerabili quali minori, pazienti psichiatrici e persone esposte a divari di alfabetizzazione digitale. Alla luce di queste criticità, la presente tesi esamina in modo sistematico l'impatto dell'ibridazione uomo-macchina avvalendosi delle cornici teoriche della 4E Cognition, in particolare della Mente Estesa e dell'Enattivismo, interpretando le BCI come artefatti cognitivi e sensomotori che co-costruiscono l'agentività del soggetto attraverso continui processi di Sense-making. L'analisi riafferma la centralità della figura dello psicologo all'interno delle équipe multidisciplinari per la valutazione preoperatoria, la gestione dell'affaticamento durante l'addestramento e il sostegno alla rinegoziazione dell'identità narrativa e dell'autonomia relazionale del paziente. In ultima analisi, il lavoro sottolinea la necessità di orientare la ricerca futura verso sperimentazioni ad alta validità ecologica e modelli di co-adattamento coordinati dal paradigma dell'AI for Social Good, garantendo che la convergenza tra mente e tecnologia rimanga uno strumento al servizio della salute, dell'autenticità e della dignità della persona.
Mente, tecnologia e identità: implicazioni psicologiche ed etiche dell’integrazione tra intelligenza artificiale e neurotecnologie
MANTOVAN, ENRICO
2025/2026
Abstract
In recent years, the rapid advancement of neurotechnologies and artificial intelligence has ushered in an era of profound transformation in how computational systems interact with human brain activity. Brain-Computer Interfaces (BCIs), originally developed in clinical and rehabilitative settings to record or modulate electrical signals within the nervous system, have achieved a major breakthrough through their integration with advanced Machine Learning and Deep Learning models. This convergence has enabled the development of closed-loop architectures capable of decoding complex neural signals, reconstructing semantic or mnemonic content, and anticipating pre-conscious processes, all while adapting in real time to the electrophysiological profile of the individual. Alongside extraordinary therapeutic successes in motor neurorehabilitation, augmentative communication, and the management of complex neurological or psychiatric conditions, the deployment of such devices raises pressing ethical, neurolegal, and psychological questions. Direct access to the neural substrate threatens mental privacy through the inception problem, exposing individuals to risks of digital surveillance, algorithmic nudging, brainjacking, and decision-making vulnerabilities induced by epistemic dependence or automation bias. Given the opacity of computational models and the resulting responsibility gap, there is an urgent need to establish a universal framework of neurorights and implement governance policies rooted in transparency and distributive justice. Clinically and phenomenologically, the embodiment of intelligent artifacts significantly alters an individual's psychological ecology, impacting device acceptability, body image, and overall quality of life. The use of invasive or predictive neurodevices can generate complex psychopathological risks, including impulse control disorders, hypomanic manifestations, and distressing trade-offs between mental health and motor control. These are often accompanied by distressing experiences of self-estrangement, ruptures in psychological continuity, and relational crises encapsulated by the "burden of normality." Such dynamics prove even more critical when examined within neurocognitively vulnerable populations, such as minors, psychiatric patients, and individuals facing digital literacy divides. In light of these challenges, this thesis systematically examines the impact of human-machine hybridization through the theoretical lens of 4E Cognition,most notably the Extended Mind thesis and Enactivism, interpreting BCIs as cognitive and sensorimotor artifacts that co-construct human agency through ongoing processes of sense-making. The analysis reaffirms the essential role of psychologists within multidisciplinary teams for preoperative assessment, training-related fatigue management, and support in renegotiating the patient's narrative identity and relational autonomy. Ultimately, this work emphasizes the necessity of directing future research toward ecologically valid trials and co-adaptation models guided by the AI for Social Good paradigm, ensuring that the convergence of mind and technology remains dedicated to human health, authenticity, and dignity.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/118798