Accurate characterization of the Rh blood group system is of particular importance due to the high immunogenicity of the D antigen and the presence of numerous variants resulting from quantitative or qualitative alterations in D antigen expression. Weak D and DEL variants are characterized by reduced D antigen expression, whereas Partial D variants result from the loss of one or more D epitopes. Consequently, serological testing alone may be insufficient for the accurate definition of the RhD phenotype, and molecular characterization of the RHD gene may be required in selected cases. This study aimed to assess the utility of a serological approach for identifying samples with weak or discrepant D antigen expression and to establish serological findings that may warrant further molecular investigation. The potential occurrence of DEL phenotypes among RhD-negative donors expressing the C and/or E antigens of the RhCE system was also investigated. Serological characterization proved to be a valuable screening and triage tool for identifying samples requiring molecular investigation. The adsorption–elution technique was particularly useful in cases of extremely weak D antigen expression, enhancing the sensitivity of serological testing. However, a negative adsorption–elution result cannot completely exclude the presence of an underlying RHD variant, owing to differences in the reactivity profiles of the available anti-D clones. Molecular characterization of the RHD gene remains the most accurate approach for the definitive identification of D variants and for ensuring appropriate transfusion management. Nevertheless, incorporating adsorption–elution testing into the serological workflow may provide a practical and cost-effective strategy for Transfusion Services without dedicated molecular biology facilities, enabling targeted selection of samples for genetic analysis while optimizing the use of laboratory resources.
La corretta caratterizzazione del sistema Rh riveste particolare importanza per l’elevata immunogenicità dell’antigene D e per la presenza di numerose varianti caratterizzate da alterazioni quantitative o qualitative della sua espressione. Le varianti Weak D e DEL sono caratterizzate da una ridotta espressione antigenica, mentre le varianti Partial D sono caratterizzate dalla perdita di uno o più epitopi. La sola indagine sierologica può pertanto non essere sufficiente per una corretta definizione del fenotipo RhD, rendendo necessario, in casi selezionati, il ricorso alla caratterizzazione molecolare del gene RHD. Lo scopo dello studio è stato valutare l’utilità dell’approccio sierologico nell’identificazione di campioni con espressione debole o discrepante dell’antigene D e individuare le condizioni che potessero indicare un successivo approfondimento molecolare. È stata inoltre valutata la possibile presenza di fenotipi DEL tra i donatori RhD negativi caratterizzati dalla presenza degli antigeni C e/o E del sistema RhCE. I risultati evidenziano come la caratterizzazione sierologica rappresenti un valido strumento di screening e di orientamento per l’identificazione dei campioni che necessitano di approfondimento molecolare. La metodica di adsorbimento-eluizione si è dimostrata particolarmente utile nei casi di espressione estremamente debole dell’antigene D, aumentando la sensibilità della valutazione sierologica. Tuttavia, un risultato negativo non consente di escludere completamente la presenza di una variante molecolare, considerando la diversa reattività dei cloni anti-D disponibili. La caratterizzazione molecolare del gene RHD rimane il metodo più accurato per la definizione delle varianti D e la corretta gestione trasfusionale. L’integrazione della metodica di adsorbimento-eluizione può tuttavia rappresentare un approccio utile nei Servizi Trasfusionali privi di attività di biologia molecolare dedicata, consentendo di selezionare i campioni da sottoporre ad analisi genetica e ottimizzando così tempi e costi.
GESTIONE DELLE VARIANTI DELL'ANTIGENE D: DETERMINAZIONE SIEROLOGICA E INDICAZIONI ALLA DIAGNOSTICA MOLECOLARE. ESPERIENZA DEL LABORATORIO IMMUNOTRASFUSIONALE DELL'ULSS 8 BERICA DEL VENETO SU 31 CAMPIONI.
CRACCO, MARIANNA
2025/2026
Abstract
Accurate characterization of the Rh blood group system is of particular importance due to the high immunogenicity of the D antigen and the presence of numerous variants resulting from quantitative or qualitative alterations in D antigen expression. Weak D and DEL variants are characterized by reduced D antigen expression, whereas Partial D variants result from the loss of one or more D epitopes. Consequently, serological testing alone may be insufficient for the accurate definition of the RhD phenotype, and molecular characterization of the RHD gene may be required in selected cases. This study aimed to assess the utility of a serological approach for identifying samples with weak or discrepant D antigen expression and to establish serological findings that may warrant further molecular investigation. The potential occurrence of DEL phenotypes among RhD-negative donors expressing the C and/or E antigens of the RhCE system was also investigated. Serological characterization proved to be a valuable screening and triage tool for identifying samples requiring molecular investigation. The adsorption–elution technique was particularly useful in cases of extremely weak D antigen expression, enhancing the sensitivity of serological testing. However, a negative adsorption–elution result cannot completely exclude the presence of an underlying RHD variant, owing to differences in the reactivity profiles of the available anti-D clones. Molecular characterization of the RHD gene remains the most accurate approach for the definitive identification of D variants and for ensuring appropriate transfusion management. Nevertheless, incorporating adsorption–elution testing into the serological workflow may provide a practical and cost-effective strategy for Transfusion Services without dedicated molecular biology facilities, enabling targeted selection of samples for genetic analysis while optimizing the use of laboratory resources.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/119255