Introduction Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) is a neoplasm belonging to the group of non Hodgkin lymphomas, characterized by a high risk of relapse and significant epigenetic dysregulation. In the subtype originating from the germinal center (GC), malignant B cells maintain a "pseudo-germinal center" state, largely sustained by epigenetic mechanisms that stabilize a proliferative and anti-differentiation program. In particular, GCB-DLBCL is characterized by the overexpression of BCL6, a protein that regulates numerous processes fundamental to B-cell maturation. Dysregulated activation of the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway promotes cell survival by reducing the activity of mechanisms that induce apoptosis in malignant cells. This neoplasm is characterized by the overexpression of CK2, a pleiotropic protein kinase essential for cell survival. CK2 modulates the activity of several signaling pathways, including PI3K/AKT/mTOR or NF-kB, and regulates the SUZ12 regulatory subunit of the Polycomb Repressive Complex 2 (PRC2), which is responsible for histone methylation. However, its role in the epigenetics of DLBCL is unknown. Histone acetylation is mediated by histone acetyltransferases (HATs), which transfer acetyl groups using acetyl-CoA produced by ATP citrate lyase (ACLY). Epigenetic regulatory mechanisms, including histone methylation and acetylation, play a significant role in the proliferative programs of lymphomas. Therefore, this thesis aims to investigate the role of CK2 as an epigenetic mediator in DLBCL. Materials and Methods The GCB-DLBCL cell line OCI-LY1 was treated with the chemical CK2 inhibitors CX-4945 and SGC-CK2-1 at concentrations of 1, 2, and 4 µM for 24 hours. Apoptosis was assessed by labeling cells with Annexin V/propidium iodide, followed by flow cytometry analysis. Histone acetylation and methylation levels were investigated using Western blot and immunofluorescence. The obtained results were statistically analyzed using a two-tailed Student's t-test with GraphPad Prism software. Results Inhibition of CK2 with CX-4945 and SGC-CK2-1 resulted in a dose-dependent increase of apoptosis in OCI-LY1 cells. The methylation levels of histone H3 on lysine 27 (H3K27me3, a target of the PRC2 complex) and its acetylation (H3K27Ac) were analyzed, along with the activation pathway of AKT and ACLY, by monitoring the phosphorylation levels of AKT at serine 473 and ACLY at serine 455, respectively. Treatment with the two inhibitors induced a significant increase in H3K27me3 and a reduction in H3K27Ac, accompanied by reduced activity of the CK2-AKT-ACLY axis. Finally, chemical inhibition of CK2 caused a significant decrease in BCL6 expression. Conclusion This work has opened a new perspective on the role of CK2 as a potential epigenetic modulator in DLBCL. Its inhibition induces a state of histone repression that could hinder the transcription of genes involved in cell proliferation and survival. Therefore, CK2 could represent a novel epigenetic regulator and a new therapeutic target in DLBCL.
Introduzione Il linfoma diffuso a grandi cellule B (DLBCL) è una neoplasia che appartiene al gruppo dei linfomi non-Hodgkin, caratterizzata da una elevata possibilità di recidiva e da una importante deregolazione epigenetica. Nel sottotipo che si origina dal centro germinativo (GC), le cellule B maligne mantengono uno stato di "pseudo-centro germinativo", sostenuto in larga misura da meccanismi epigenetici che stabilizzano un programma proliferativo e anti-differenziativo. In particolare, il GCB-DLBCL è caratterizzato da una sovraespressione di BCL6, una proteina che regola numerosi processi fondamentali per la maturazione dei linfociti B. Inoltre, l’attivazione deregolata della via di segnalazione PI3K/AKT/mTOR favorisce la sopravvivenza cellulare riducendo l’attività di meccanismi che inducono l’apoptosi delle cellule maligne. Questa neoplasia è caratterizzata da una sovraespressione di CK2, una protein-chinasi pleiotropica essenziale per la sopravvivenza cellulare. CK2 modula l’attività di diverse vie del segnale, tra cui PI3K/AKT/mTOR o NF-kB e regola la subunità regolatoria SUZ12 del complesso repressivo polycomb 2 (PRC2) responsabile della metilazione istonica. Tuttavia, non è noto il suo ruolo nell’epigenetica del DLBCL. L’acetilazione degli istoni avviene mediante delle istonacetiltransferasi (HAT) che trasferiscono gruppi acetili utilizzando l’acetil-CoA prodotto dall’ ATP citrato liasi (ACLY). Le regolazioni epigenetiche, tra cui la metilazione e l’acetilazione degli istoni, sono rilevanti nei programmi proliferativi dei linfomi. Queta tesi pertanto vuole esplorare il ruolo di CK2 come mediatore epigenetico nel DLBCL. Materiali e Metodi La linea cellulare di GCB-DLBCL OCI-LY1 è stata trattata con gli inibitori chimici di CK2 CX-4945 ed SGC-CK2-1 alle concentrazioni di 1-2-4 µM per 24 ore. L’apoptosi è stata valutata marcando le cellule con Annessina V/ioduro di propidio e successiva analisi mediante citofluorimetria a flusso. I livelli di acetilazione e metilazione degli istoni sono stati indagati mediante Wester blot ed immunofluorescenza. I risultati ottenuti sono stati elaborati statisticamente utilizzando il t test di Student a due code tramite il software GraphPad Prism. Risultati L’inibizione di CK2 con CX-4945 ed SGC-CK2-1 ha determinato un aumento dell’apoptosi cellulare in maniera dose dipendente nelle cellule OCI-LY1. Successivamente sono state analizzate il livello della metilazione della lisina 27 dell’istone 3 (H3K27me3, target del complesso PRC2), della sua acetilazione (H3K27Ac) e l’attività di AKT ed ACLY, monitorando rispettivamente i livelli di fosforilazione della serina 473 di AKT e 455 di ACLY. Il trattamento con i due inibitori ha indotto un aumento significativo di H3K27me3 ed una riduzione di H3K27Ac, accompagnate da una minore attività dell’asse CK2-AKT-ACLY. Infine, l’inibizione chimica di CK2, ha causato una diminuzione dell’espressione di BCL6. Conclusione Questo lavoro ha permesso di aprire una nuova prospettiva sul ruolo di CK2 come possibile modulatore epigenetico nel DLBCL. La sua inibizione induce uno stato repressivo degli istoni che potrebbe ostacolare la trascrizione di geni coinvolti nella proliferazione e nella sopravvivenza cellulare. CK2, potrebbe quindi rappresentare un regolatore epigenetico originale e un nuovo target terapeutico nel DLBCL.
CK2: NUOVO REGOLATORE EPIGENETICO DELLA PROGRESSIONE NEOPLASTICA NEL LINFOMA DIFFUSO A GRANDI CELLULE B
IULIANO, ANTONIO
2025/2026
Abstract
Introduction Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) is a neoplasm belonging to the group of non Hodgkin lymphomas, characterized by a high risk of relapse and significant epigenetic dysregulation. In the subtype originating from the germinal center (GC), malignant B cells maintain a "pseudo-germinal center" state, largely sustained by epigenetic mechanisms that stabilize a proliferative and anti-differentiation program. In particular, GCB-DLBCL is characterized by the overexpression of BCL6, a protein that regulates numerous processes fundamental to B-cell maturation. Dysregulated activation of the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway promotes cell survival by reducing the activity of mechanisms that induce apoptosis in malignant cells. This neoplasm is characterized by the overexpression of CK2, a pleiotropic protein kinase essential for cell survival. CK2 modulates the activity of several signaling pathways, including PI3K/AKT/mTOR or NF-kB, and regulates the SUZ12 regulatory subunit of the Polycomb Repressive Complex 2 (PRC2), which is responsible for histone methylation. However, its role in the epigenetics of DLBCL is unknown. Histone acetylation is mediated by histone acetyltransferases (HATs), which transfer acetyl groups using acetyl-CoA produced by ATP citrate lyase (ACLY). Epigenetic regulatory mechanisms, including histone methylation and acetylation, play a significant role in the proliferative programs of lymphomas. Therefore, this thesis aims to investigate the role of CK2 as an epigenetic mediator in DLBCL. Materials and Methods The GCB-DLBCL cell line OCI-LY1 was treated with the chemical CK2 inhibitors CX-4945 and SGC-CK2-1 at concentrations of 1, 2, and 4 µM for 24 hours. Apoptosis was assessed by labeling cells with Annexin V/propidium iodide, followed by flow cytometry analysis. Histone acetylation and methylation levels were investigated using Western blot and immunofluorescence. The obtained results were statistically analyzed using a two-tailed Student's t-test with GraphPad Prism software. Results Inhibition of CK2 with CX-4945 and SGC-CK2-1 resulted in a dose-dependent increase of apoptosis in OCI-LY1 cells. The methylation levels of histone H3 on lysine 27 (H3K27me3, a target of the PRC2 complex) and its acetylation (H3K27Ac) were analyzed, along with the activation pathway of AKT and ACLY, by monitoring the phosphorylation levels of AKT at serine 473 and ACLY at serine 455, respectively. Treatment with the two inhibitors induced a significant increase in H3K27me3 and a reduction in H3K27Ac, accompanied by reduced activity of the CK2-AKT-ACLY axis. Finally, chemical inhibition of CK2 caused a significant decrease in BCL6 expression. Conclusion This work has opened a new perspective on the role of CK2 as a potential epigenetic modulator in DLBCL. Its inhibition induces a state of histone repression that could hinder the transcription of genes involved in cell proliferation and survival. Therefore, CK2 could represent a novel epigenetic regulator and a new therapeutic target in DLBCL.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/119260