Introduction Osteoarthritis (OA) is a chronic degenerative disease characterized by progressive alterations of joint tissues and by an inflammatory and proteolytic microenvironment. The presence of basic calcium phosphate (BCP) and calcium pyrophosphate (CPP) crystals in synovial fluid (SF) is associated with more severe forms of OA, although their role in joint remodeling remains unclear. This study investigated the biological characteristics of SF from patients with OA with (BCP+CPP+) or without crystals (BCP−CPP−), focusing on inflammatory mediators and the uPA/plasmin system. Materials and Methods Twenty-five SF samples obtained from patients with OA were analyzed. Samples were characterized by leukocyte counting, crystal identification by microscopy, ELISA for inflammatory mediators and components of the uPA system, and zymography to assess proteolytic activity. Monocytes and synovial fibroblasts were stimulated with BCP+CPP+ or BCP−CPP− SF. Cell migration, mediator release, and activation of FAK, ERK1/2 and αSMA were evaluated, including experiments using the uPA inhibitor UK-371804. Results BCP+CPP+ SF showed increased total leukocyte and neutrophil counts and higher MMP-9 activity compared with BCP−CPP− SF. Treatment of monocytes with BCP+CPP+ SF increased the release of uPA, enhanced plasmin activity, and promoted monocyte migration. The increased migratory response was partially reduced by uPA inhibition. In fibroblasts, BCP+CPP+ SF increased IL-6 and IL-8 release and modulated the activation of FAK, ERK1/2 and αSMA, suggesting involvement of pathways related to cell migration and fibrotic remodeling. Conclusions The presence of calcium crystals identifies a more proteolytically active synovial microenvironment in OA. These findings suggest that the uPA/plasmin system may contribute to crystal-associated cellular migration and tissue remodeling, providing further insight into mechanisms involved in OA progression.
Introduzione L’artrosi (OA) è una patologia degenerativa cronica caratterizzata da alterazioni progressive dei tessuti articolari e da un microambiente infiammatorio e proteolitico. La presenza di cristalli di fosfato di calcio basico (BCP) e pirofosfato di calcio (CPP) nel liquido sinoviale (LS) è associata a forme più severe di OA, ma il loro ruolo nei processi di rimodellamento articolare non è ancora completamente chiarito. Lo studio ha valutato le caratteristiche biologiche del LS di pazienti con OA con (BCP+CPP+) o senza cristalli (BCP−CPP−), con particolare attenzione all’infiammazione e al sistema uPA/plasmina. Materiali e Metodi Sono stati analizzati 25 campioni di LS ottenuti da pazienti con OA. I campioni sono stati caratterizzati mediante conta leucocitaria, microscopia per l’identificazione dei cristalli, ELISA per mediatori infiammatori e componenti dell’asse uPA e zimografia per la valutazione dell’attività proteolitica. Monociti e fibroblasti sono stati trattati con LS BCP+CPP+ o BCP−CPP−. È stata infine valutata la migrazione cellulare, il rilascio di mediatori dell’infiammazione e l’attivazione di FAK, ERK1/2 e αSMA, anche in risposta all’inibitore di uPA UK-371804. Risultati I LS BCP+CPP+ hanno mostrato un aumento dei leucociti e dei neutrofili e una maggiore attività della MMP-9. Il trattamento dei monociti con LS BCP+CPP+ ha aumentato il rilascio di uPA, l’attività della plasmina e la capacità migratoria, quest’ultima parzialmente ridotta dall’inibizione di uPA. Nei fibroblasti, LS BCP+CPP+ ha aumentato il rilascio di IL-6 e IL-8 e modulato l’attivazione di FAK, ERK1/2 e αSMA, Suggerendo il coinvolgimento di vie cellulari correlate alla migrazione cellulare e al rimodellamento fibrotico. Conclusioni La presenza di cristalli di calcio identifica un microambiente sinoviale maggiormente proteolitico, nel quale il sistema uPA può contribuire alla migrazione cellulare e al rimodellamento tissutale, fornendo ulteriori informazioni sui meccanismi coinvolti nella progressione dell’OA.
POTENZIALE INFIAMMATORIO DEL LIQUIDO SINOVIALE DI PAZIENTI CON ARTROSI: RUOLO DEI CRISTALLI DI CALCIO
LOVATO, MATTEO
2025/2026
Abstract
Introduction Osteoarthritis (OA) is a chronic degenerative disease characterized by progressive alterations of joint tissues and by an inflammatory and proteolytic microenvironment. The presence of basic calcium phosphate (BCP) and calcium pyrophosphate (CPP) crystals in synovial fluid (SF) is associated with more severe forms of OA, although their role in joint remodeling remains unclear. This study investigated the biological characteristics of SF from patients with OA with (BCP+CPP+) or without crystals (BCP−CPP−), focusing on inflammatory mediators and the uPA/plasmin system. Materials and Methods Twenty-five SF samples obtained from patients with OA were analyzed. Samples were characterized by leukocyte counting, crystal identification by microscopy, ELISA for inflammatory mediators and components of the uPA system, and zymography to assess proteolytic activity. Monocytes and synovial fibroblasts were stimulated with BCP+CPP+ or BCP−CPP− SF. Cell migration, mediator release, and activation of FAK, ERK1/2 and αSMA were evaluated, including experiments using the uPA inhibitor UK-371804. Results BCP+CPP+ SF showed increased total leukocyte and neutrophil counts and higher MMP-9 activity compared with BCP−CPP− SF. Treatment of monocytes with BCP+CPP+ SF increased the release of uPA, enhanced plasmin activity, and promoted monocyte migration. The increased migratory response was partially reduced by uPA inhibition. In fibroblasts, BCP+CPP+ SF increased IL-6 and IL-8 release and modulated the activation of FAK, ERK1/2 and αSMA, suggesting involvement of pathways related to cell migration and fibrotic remodeling. Conclusions The presence of calcium crystals identifies a more proteolytically active synovial microenvironment in OA. These findings suggest that the uPA/plasmin system may contribute to crystal-associated cellular migration and tissue remodeling, providing further insight into mechanisms involved in OA progression.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/119262