Introduction. Tinnitus is the conscious perception of a sound in the absence of an external acoustic stimulus. It affects about 14% of the global adult population and, in chronic forms, can significantly compromise the quality of life, associating with sleep disorders, concentration difficulties, anxiety and depression. Since tinnitus very often presents in association with hearing loss, European guidelines indicate conventional acoustic amplification, together with cognitive-behavioral approaches, among the first-line interventions for its management. Aim. The aim of the work was to analyze the evolution of the role of hearing aids in the treatment of tinnitus, evaluating the effectiveness of amplification and comparing the different technologies proposed in the course of research. Materials and methods. A literature search was conducted on the PubMed database with the search string (tinnitus treatment) AND (hearing aids), limited to the last twenty years (2006–2026), which yielded 602 records. After screening titles and abstracts and evaluating full texts, three original studies representative of three successive phases of research were selected: the retrospective study by Trotter & Donaldson (2008), the randomized controlled trial by Henry et al. (2017), and the European multicenter study by Schiele et al. (2025). Results. Out of 1440 patients with sensorineural hearing loss followed for 25 years, hearing aid fitting determined a benefit on tinnitus in 67% of unilateral cases and in 69% of bilateral cases; with the transition to digital technology, the proportion of patients without improvement was reduced from 35% to 18% in unilateral cases and from 40% to 4% in bilateral cases. In the randomized trial, all three compared technologies (conventional hearing aids, combination devices with sound generator, and extended-wear devices) reduced the impact of tinnitus, with a clinically significant improvement in 67–82% of subjects; combination and extended-wear devices showed a greater benefit on sleep and relaxation. In the multicenter study, tinnitus-related distress significantly reduced after just 6 weeks of use, without changes in perceived loudness; no audiometric or tinnitus characteristic proved predictive of response, while higher baseline distress was associated with a greater reduction. Conclusions. Hearing aids represent an effective and safe therapeutic resource for patients with chronic tinnitus and associated hearing loss. Technological evolution has increased their effectiveness; the benefit mainly concerns emotional and functional distress rather than perceived intensity, appears early, and does not depend on specific clinical profiles. The choice of device must be personalized and integrated with adequate counseling. Keywords: tinnitus; hearing aids; acoustic amplification; sound generator; Tinnitus Handicap Inventory; Tinnitus Functional Index.
Introduzione. L’acufene è la percezione cosciente di un suono in assenza di uno stimolo acustico esterno. Interessa circa il 14% della popolazione adulta mondiale e, nelle forme croniche, può compromettere in modo significativo la qualità della vita, associandosi a disturbi del sonno, difficoltà di concentrazione, ansia e depressione. Poiché l’acufene si presenta molto spesso in associazione a un’ipoacusia, le linee guida europee indicano l’amplificazione acustica convenzionale, insieme agli approcci cognitivo-comportamentali, tra gli interventi di prima linea per la sua gestione. Scopo. Lo scopo del lavoro è stato analizzare l’evoluzione del ruolo degli apparecchi acustici nel trattamento dell’acufene, valutando l’efficacia dell’amplificazione e confrontando le diverse tecnologie proposte nel corso della ricerca. Materiali e metodi. È stata condotta una ricerca bibliografica sulla banca dati PubMed con la stringa (tinnitus treatment) AND (hearing aids), limitata agli ultimi vent’anni (2006–2026), che ha restituito 602 record. Dopo lo screening di titoli e abstract e la valutazione dei testi completi, sono stati selezionati tre studi originali rappresentativi di tre fasi successive della ricerca: lo studio retrospettivo di Trotter & Donaldson (2008), il trial controllato randomizzato di Henry et al. (2017) e lo studio multicentrico europeo di Schiele et al. (2025). Risultati. Su 1440 pazienti con ipoacusia neurosensoriale seguiti per 25 anni, la protesizzazione ha determinato un beneficio sull’acufene nel 67% dei casi monolaterali e nel 69% dei casi bilaterali; con il passaggio alla tecnologia digitale la quota di pazienti senza miglioramento si è ridotta dal 35% al 18% nei monolaterali e dal 40% al 4% nei bilaterali. Nel trial randomizzato tutte e tre le tecnologie confrontate (apparecchi convenzionali, apparecchi combinati con generatore di suoni e dispositivi ad uso prolungato) hanno ridotto l’impatto dell’acufene, con un miglioramento clinicamente significativo nel 67–82% dei soggetti; i dispositivi combinati e ad uso prolungato hanno mostrato un beneficio maggiore sul sonno e sul rilassamento. Nello studio multicentrico il disagio legato all’acufene si è ridotto significativamente già dopo 6 settimane di utilizzo, senza variazioni della loudness percepita; nessuna caratteristica audiometrica o dell’acufene è risultata predittiva della risposta, mentre un distress iniziale più elevato si è associato a una riduzione maggiore. Conclusioni. Gli apparecchi acustici rappresentano una risorsa terapeutica efficace e sicura per i pazienti con acufene cronico e ipoacusia associata. L’evoluzione tecnologica ne ha aumentato l’efficacia; il beneficio riguarda soprattutto il disagio emotivo e funzionale piuttosto che l’intensità percepita, compare precocemente e non dipende da specifici profili clinici. La scelta del dispositivo va personalizzata e integrata con un adeguato counseling. Parole chiave: acufene; apparecchi acustici; amplificazione acustica; generatore di suoni; Tinnitus Handicap Inventory; Tinnitus Functional Index.
Il ruolo dell'amplificazione acustica nella gestione dell'acufene: evoluzione tecnologica e risposta terapeutica.
BOTTOLI, NICOLA
2025/2026
Abstract
Introduction. Tinnitus is the conscious perception of a sound in the absence of an external acoustic stimulus. It affects about 14% of the global adult population and, in chronic forms, can significantly compromise the quality of life, associating with sleep disorders, concentration difficulties, anxiety and depression. Since tinnitus very often presents in association with hearing loss, European guidelines indicate conventional acoustic amplification, together with cognitive-behavioral approaches, among the first-line interventions for its management. Aim. The aim of the work was to analyze the evolution of the role of hearing aids in the treatment of tinnitus, evaluating the effectiveness of amplification and comparing the different technologies proposed in the course of research. Materials and methods. A literature search was conducted on the PubMed database with the search string (tinnitus treatment) AND (hearing aids), limited to the last twenty years (2006–2026), which yielded 602 records. After screening titles and abstracts and evaluating full texts, three original studies representative of three successive phases of research were selected: the retrospective study by Trotter & Donaldson (2008), the randomized controlled trial by Henry et al. (2017), and the European multicenter study by Schiele et al. (2025). Results. Out of 1440 patients with sensorineural hearing loss followed for 25 years, hearing aid fitting determined a benefit on tinnitus in 67% of unilateral cases and in 69% of bilateral cases; with the transition to digital technology, the proportion of patients without improvement was reduced from 35% to 18% in unilateral cases and from 40% to 4% in bilateral cases. In the randomized trial, all three compared technologies (conventional hearing aids, combination devices with sound generator, and extended-wear devices) reduced the impact of tinnitus, with a clinically significant improvement in 67–82% of subjects; combination and extended-wear devices showed a greater benefit on sleep and relaxation. In the multicenter study, tinnitus-related distress significantly reduced after just 6 weeks of use, without changes in perceived loudness; no audiometric or tinnitus characteristic proved predictive of response, while higher baseline distress was associated with a greater reduction. Conclusions. Hearing aids represent an effective and safe therapeutic resource for patients with chronic tinnitus and associated hearing loss. Technological evolution has increased their effectiveness; the benefit mainly concerns emotional and functional distress rather than perceived intensity, appears early, and does not depend on specific clinical profiles. The choice of device must be personalized and integrated with adequate counseling. Keywords: tinnitus; hearing aids; acoustic amplification; sound generator; Tinnitus Handicap Inventory; Tinnitus Functional Index.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/119535