PFAS (perfluoroalkylics) represent one of the most relevant environmental and health criticalities of our time. They are synthetic organic compounds in which the hydrogen atoms of the carbon chains are replaced by fluorine: the carbon-fluorine bond, one of the strongest in organic chemistry, makes them resistant to any form of degradation and responsible for their irreversible accumulation in the environment and in organisms. This has made them valuable ingredients of everyday products, from non-stick pans to fire-fighting foams. Based on the length of the chain, they are divided into long-chain compounds, which tend to adsorb and bioaccumulate, and short-chain compounds, which are more mobile and leaching towards the slopes. Pollution follows a "cascade effect": from industrial discharges to surface and groundwater, to soils, to the food chain through bioaccumulation. In groundwater, without natural degradation, PFAS reach water intake points even years after the source, concentrating the risk of chronic exposure. Human exposure occurs by ingestion, inhalation and dermal contact. The review of Fenton et al. (2020) identified effects on the immune system, thyroid, liver, metabolism, kidneys, reproduction and cancer risk. EFSA has set in 2020 a tolerable weekly dose of 4.4 ng/kg for the sum of four PFAS, a value frequently exceeded in Europe; the IARC has classified the certain carcinogenic PFOA (Group 1) and the possible carcinogenic PFOS (Group 2B). The main Italian epidemiological evidence comes from Veneto, with strong associations between PFAS and cholesterol and an excess of cardiovascular and neoplastic mortality. More vulnerable are children, exposed workers and residents in contaminated areas. Precisely from that emergency ARPAV, the Regional Agency for Prevention and Environmental Protection of Veneto, has developed a pioneering operating model, which is the heart of this thesis. Within the framework of the National System for Environmental Protection (SNPA), established by Law 132/2016 and operating since 2017, the Agency has built an integrated monitoring system On the analytical level, ARPAV laboratories use solid phase extraction techniques coupled with very high performance liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS), with detection limits of less than nanogram per liter, achieving the quantification of dozens of different compounds, from historical molecules (PFOA, PFOS, PFHxS, PFBS) to the most recent regulatory interest PFAS (GenX, cC6O4). An internal analytical method, developed for the determination of PFAS in atmospheric emissions on the basis of isotopic dilution, allows to quantify 26 compounds with a limit of detection of about 0.5 ng/m³. The analysis shows that risk management requires an integrated and multidisciplinary approach, in which the prevention technician acts as a hinge between environmental control and public health protection, applying the One Health approach: human health is inextricably linked to animal health and ecosystems. The Venetian experience shows that environmental protection is the preventive medical act par excellence.
I PFAS (sostanze perfluoroalchiliche) rappresentano una delle più rilevanti criticità ambientali e sanitarie del nostro tempo. Sono composti organici sintetici in cui gli atomi di idrogeno delle catene carboniose sono sostituiti da fluoro: il legame carbonio-fluoro, tra i più forti della chimica organica, li rende resistenti a ogni forma di degradazione e responsabili del loro accumulo irreversibile nell'ambiente e negli organismi. Questo li ha resi ingredienti preziosi di prodotti di uso quotidiano, dalle padelle antiaderenti alle schiume antincendio. In base alla lunghezza della catena si distinguono in composti a catena lunga, che tendono ad adsorbirsi e bioaccumularsi, e a catena corta, più mobili e liscivianti verso le falde. L'inquinamento segue un "effetto a cascata": dagli scarichi industriali alle acque superficiali e sotterranee, ai suoli, fino alla catena alimentare tramite bioaccumulo. Nelle acque sotterranee, prive di degradazione naturale, i PFAS raggiungono i punti di captazione idropotabile anche a distanza di anni dalla sorgente, concentrandovi il rischio di esposizione cronica. L'esposizione umana avviene per ingestione, inalazione e contatto dermico. La revisione di Fenton et al. (2020) ha identificato effetti su sistema immunitario, tiroide, fegato, metabolismo, reni, riproduzione e rischio oncologico. L'EFSA ha fissato nel 2020 una dose tollerabile settimanale di 4,4 ng/kg per la somma di quattro PFAS, valore frequentemente superato in Europa; la IARC ha classificato il PFOA cancerogeno certo (Gruppo 1) e il PFOS possibile cancerogeno (Gruppo 2B). Le principali evidenze epidemiologiche italiane provengono dal Veneto, con forti associazioni tra PFAS e colesterolo e un eccesso di mortalità cardiovascolare e neoplastica. Più vulnerabili sono bambini, lavoratori esposti e residenti in aree contaminate. Proprio da quell'emergenza ARPAV, l'Agenzia Regionale per la Prevenzione e Protezione Ambientale del Veneto, ha sviluppato un modello operativo pionieristico, che costituisce il cuore di questa tesi. Nel quadro del Sistema Nazionale per la Protezione dell'Ambiente (SNPA), istituito dalla legge 132/2016 e operante dal 2017, l'Agenzia ha costruito un sistema di monitoraggio integrato Sul piano analitico, i laboratori ARPAV impiegano tecniche di estrazione in fase solida accoppiate a cromatografia liquida ad altissima prestazione e spettrometria di massa tandem (UHPLC-MS/MS), con limiti di rilevabilità inferiori al nanogrammo per litro, raggiungendo la quantificazione di decine di composti differenti, dalle molecole storiche (PFOA, PFOS, PFHxS, PFBS) ai PFAS di più recente interesse regolatorio (GenX, cC6O4). Un metodo analitico interno, sviluppato per la determinazione dei PFAS nelle emissioni in atmosfera sulla base della diluizione isotopica, consente di quantificare 26 composti con limite di rilevabilità di circa 0,5 ng/m³. Dall'analisi emerge che la gestione del rischio richiede un approccio integrato e multidisciplinare, in cui il tecnico della prevenzione funge da cerniera tra controllo ambientale e tutela della salute pubblica, applicando l'approccio One Health: la salute umana è indissolubilmente legata alla salute degli animali e agli ecosistemi. L'esperienza veneta dimostra che la tutela dell'ambiente è l'atto medico preventivo per eccellenza.
“L’impatto dei PFAS nelle matrici ambientali: il ruolo di ARPAV nella prevenzione e nel controllo ambientale per la salute pubblica”
LUDOVICI, SVEVA
2025/2026
Abstract
PFAS (perfluoroalkylics) represent one of the most relevant environmental and health criticalities of our time. They are synthetic organic compounds in which the hydrogen atoms of the carbon chains are replaced by fluorine: the carbon-fluorine bond, one of the strongest in organic chemistry, makes them resistant to any form of degradation and responsible for their irreversible accumulation in the environment and in organisms. This has made them valuable ingredients of everyday products, from non-stick pans to fire-fighting foams. Based on the length of the chain, they are divided into long-chain compounds, which tend to adsorb and bioaccumulate, and short-chain compounds, which are more mobile and leaching towards the slopes. Pollution follows a "cascade effect": from industrial discharges to surface and groundwater, to soils, to the food chain through bioaccumulation. In groundwater, without natural degradation, PFAS reach water intake points even years after the source, concentrating the risk of chronic exposure. Human exposure occurs by ingestion, inhalation and dermal contact. The review of Fenton et al. (2020) identified effects on the immune system, thyroid, liver, metabolism, kidneys, reproduction and cancer risk. EFSA has set in 2020 a tolerable weekly dose of 4.4 ng/kg for the sum of four PFAS, a value frequently exceeded in Europe; the IARC has classified the certain carcinogenic PFOA (Group 1) and the possible carcinogenic PFOS (Group 2B). The main Italian epidemiological evidence comes from Veneto, with strong associations between PFAS and cholesterol and an excess of cardiovascular and neoplastic mortality. More vulnerable are children, exposed workers and residents in contaminated areas. Precisely from that emergency ARPAV, the Regional Agency for Prevention and Environmental Protection of Veneto, has developed a pioneering operating model, which is the heart of this thesis. Within the framework of the National System for Environmental Protection (SNPA), established by Law 132/2016 and operating since 2017, the Agency has built an integrated monitoring system On the analytical level, ARPAV laboratories use solid phase extraction techniques coupled with very high performance liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS), with detection limits of less than nanogram per liter, achieving the quantification of dozens of different compounds, from historical molecules (PFOA, PFOS, PFHxS, PFBS) to the most recent regulatory interest PFAS (GenX, cC6O4). An internal analytical method, developed for the determination of PFAS in atmospheric emissions on the basis of isotopic dilution, allows to quantify 26 compounds with a limit of detection of about 0.5 ng/m³. The analysis shows that risk management requires an integrated and multidisciplinary approach, in which the prevention technician acts as a hinge between environmental control and public health protection, applying the One Health approach: human health is inextricably linked to animal health and ecosystems. The Venetian experience shows that environmental protection is the preventive medical act par excellence.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/119960