BACKGROUND: Palliative care represents a fundamental care approach aimed at improving the quality of life of patients suffering from advanced chronic or terminal illnesses. Beyond managing physical symptoms, healthcare professionals must imperatively address the psychological, social, and spiritual dimensions of the person. Indeed, patients in advanced stages of disease may experience existential suffering, loss of meaning, and spiritual distress. In this context, narrative nursing interventions such as Life Review provide an effective tool to facilitate the reframing of one's life story, thereby promoting spiritual and existential well-being. AIM: This review aims to evaluate, through the analysis of scientific literature, the effectiveness of Life Review-based nursing interventions in palliative care in improving patients' spiritual and existential well-being. SAMPLE: Fourteen primary studies were included, conducted on adult patients (>18 years) with advanced oncological or chronic-degenerative diseases enrolled in palliative care programs across hospital, home-care, or hospice settings. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A narrative review of the literature was conducted by searching major scientific databases, including PubMed, CINAHL, and Scopus. The search was performed using targeted keywords; articles were selected based on specific inclusion and exclusion criteria and subsequently analyzed to identify evidence regarding the effectiveness of Life Review interventions. RESULTS: The analysis of the fourteen included studies demonstrates a favorable trend regarding intervention effectiveness. The examined Life Review interventions encompass a broad spectrum of operational formats, ranging from traditional narrative models with tangible products (Spiritual Legacy Document) to digital and e-legacy solutions. In terms of effectiveness, the evidence documents significant benefits for both global spiritual well-being—as reflected by composite scores on validated scales (MQOL, SAIL, FACIT-Sp, and the LASA visual analog scale)—and the existential dimension, showing improvements in ego integrity, meaning and purpose in life, self-transcendence, hope, and a sense of peace. Methodologically, single-item linear analog scales (e.g., LASA) prove to be more sensitive in capturing immediate spiritual strength and benefits compared to complex multi-item questionnaires (e.g., FACIT-Sp-12), which are susceptible to cognitive load and patient frailty. Finally, at the professional level, nurses play an active and multifaceted role across the design, implementation, clinical vigilance, and evaluation phases, integrating spiritual care into the overall nursing process. CONCLUSIONS: Life Review is confirmed to be an effective narrative nursing intervention in promoting both global spiritual well-being and the existential dimension of palliative care patients. Nurses prove to be key figures in guiding and tailoring the intervention based on the patient's residual resources, thereby fostering a deep and authentic caring relationship. For clinical practice, early integration (early palliative care) along the disease trajectory is recommended, as it is essential for addressing spiritual distress before it escalates into an acute end-of-life crisis and ensuring that patients retain the physical and cognitive resources needed to reframe their personal history. Furthermore, routine admission spiritual screening, specialized training designed also to provide emotional protection for healthcare providers, and the standardization of measurement tools are strongly recommended.
PROBLEMA: le cure palliative rappresentano un approccio assistenziale fondamentale per migliorare la qualità di vita dei pazienti affetti da malattie croniche avanzate o in fase terminale. Oltre alla gestione dei sintomi fisici, per i professionisti coinvolti è mandatario considerare sempre anche gli aspetti psicologici, sociali e spirituali della persona. I pazienti in fase avanzata possono infatti sperimentare sofferenza esistenziale, perdita di significato e distress spirituale. In questo contesto, gli interventi di nursing narrativo come la Life Review costituiscono uno strumento per favorire la rielaborazione della propria storia di vita, promuovendo il benessere spirituale ed esistenziale. SCOPO: la revisione intende valutare, attraverso l’analisi della letteratura scientifica, l’efficacia degli interventi basati sulla Life Review come intervento infermieristico nelle cure palliative nel migliorare il benessere spirituale ed esistenziale dei pazienti. CAMPIONE: sono stati inclusi quattordici studi primari condotti su pazienti adulti (>18 anni) affetti da patologie oncologiche o cronico-degenerative avanzate, inseriti in programmi di cure palliative in contesto ospedaliero, domiciliare o hospice. MATERIALE E METODI: la revisione narrativa della letteratura è stata condotta attraverso la consultazione dei principali database scientifici PubMed, CINHAL; Scopus, ecc…La ricerca è stata eseguita utilizzando parole chiave e poi gli articoli sono stati selezionati in base a specifici criteri di inclusione ed esclusione e successivamente analizzati per individuare le evidenze relative all’efficacia degli interventi di Life Review. RISULTATI: L’analisi dei quattordici studi inclusi delinea una tendenza favorevole rispetto all'efficacia dell'intervento. Gli interventi di Life Review esaminati comprendono un variegato spettro di declinazioni operative, che spaziano dai modelli narrativi tradizionali con prodotti tangibili (Spiritual Legacy Document) fino a soluzioni digitali e di eredità digitale (e-legacy). Sul piano dell'efficacia, le evidenze documentano benefici significativi sia sul benessere spirituale globale, espresso dai punteggi sintetici di scale validate (MQOL, SAIL, FACIT-Sp e la scala analogica LASA), sia sulla dimensione esistenziale, con il miglioramento nell’integrità dell’Io, nel significato e scopo della vita, nell’autotrascendenza, nella speranza e nel senso di pace. Sotto il profilo metodologico, le scale analogiche a singolo item (es. LASA) si dimostrano più valide nel rilevare la forza spirituale e il beneficio immediato rispetto ai questionari multi-item complessi (es. FACIT-Sp-12), che risentono del carico cognitivo e della fragilità del malato. Infine, sul piano professionale, l'infermiere ricopre un ruolo attivo e articolato nelle fasi di progettazione, conduzione, vigilanza clinica e valutazione, integrando la cura spirituale all’interno del processo di cura. CONCLUSIONI: la Life Review si conferma un intervento di nursing narrativo efficace nel promuovere sia il benessere spirituale globale sia la dimensione esistenziale dei pazienti in cure palliative. L'infermiere si dimostra figura chiave nella guida e personalizzazione dell'intervento sulla base delle risorse residue del malato, favorendo così la creazione di una relazione di cura profonda ed autentica. Per la pratica clinica si raccomanda l'integrazione precoce (early palliative care) lungo la traiettoria di malattia, fondamentale per intercettare il distress spirituale prima che sfoci in una crisi acuta nel fine vita e per garantire che il malato disponga delle risorse fisiche e cognitive necessarie per rielaborare la propria storia. Si suggeriscono inoltre lo screening spirituale all'ingresso, una formazione specialistica intesa anche come protezione emotiva dell'operatore e la standardizzazione degli strumenti di misurazione.
La dignità del ricordo: la Life Review come intervento infermieristico di cura spirituale nel fine vita
TRENTIN, GIULIA
2025/2026
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Palliative care represents a fundamental care approach aimed at improving the quality of life of patients suffering from advanced chronic or terminal illnesses. Beyond managing physical symptoms, healthcare professionals must imperatively address the psychological, social, and spiritual dimensions of the person. Indeed, patients in advanced stages of disease may experience existential suffering, loss of meaning, and spiritual distress. In this context, narrative nursing interventions such as Life Review provide an effective tool to facilitate the reframing of one's life story, thereby promoting spiritual and existential well-being. AIM: This review aims to evaluate, through the analysis of scientific literature, the effectiveness of Life Review-based nursing interventions in palliative care in improving patients' spiritual and existential well-being. SAMPLE: Fourteen primary studies were included, conducted on adult patients (>18 years) with advanced oncological or chronic-degenerative diseases enrolled in palliative care programs across hospital, home-care, or hospice settings. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A narrative review of the literature was conducted by searching major scientific databases, including PubMed, CINAHL, and Scopus. The search was performed using targeted keywords; articles were selected based on specific inclusion and exclusion criteria and subsequently analyzed to identify evidence regarding the effectiveness of Life Review interventions. RESULTS: The analysis of the fourteen included studies demonstrates a favorable trend regarding intervention effectiveness. The examined Life Review interventions encompass a broad spectrum of operational formats, ranging from traditional narrative models with tangible products (Spiritual Legacy Document) to digital and e-legacy solutions. In terms of effectiveness, the evidence documents significant benefits for both global spiritual well-being—as reflected by composite scores on validated scales (MQOL, SAIL, FACIT-Sp, and the LASA visual analog scale)—and the existential dimension, showing improvements in ego integrity, meaning and purpose in life, self-transcendence, hope, and a sense of peace. Methodologically, single-item linear analog scales (e.g., LASA) prove to be more sensitive in capturing immediate spiritual strength and benefits compared to complex multi-item questionnaires (e.g., FACIT-Sp-12), which are susceptible to cognitive load and patient frailty. Finally, at the professional level, nurses play an active and multifaceted role across the design, implementation, clinical vigilance, and evaluation phases, integrating spiritual care into the overall nursing process. CONCLUSIONS: Life Review is confirmed to be an effective narrative nursing intervention in promoting both global spiritual well-being and the existential dimension of palliative care patients. Nurses prove to be key figures in guiding and tailoring the intervention based on the patient's residual resources, thereby fostering a deep and authentic caring relationship. For clinical practice, early integration (early palliative care) along the disease trajectory is recommended, as it is essential for addressing spiritual distress before it escalates into an acute end-of-life crisis and ensuring that patients retain the physical and cognitive resources needed to reframe their personal history. Furthermore, routine admission spiritual screening, specialized training designed also to provide emotional protection for healthcare providers, and the standardization of measurement tools are strongly recommended.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/120205