Developmental stuttering is a disturbance of the speech rhythm, characterized by repetitions and prolongations of syllables and sounds, as well as by blocks and hesitations. Stuttering occurs in early childhood: in most cases there is a remission (either spontaneously or facilitated by therapeutic interventions), but the disorder may persist in adulthood (about 1% of the total population). Many theories about the etiology of developmental stuttering have been proposed, but its neurobiological causes are still unknown: interaction of genetic, epigenetic and environmental factors is evident, acting on the development of central nervous system structures. As a consequence, developmental stuttering has to be considered a multifactorial and neurodevelopmental disorder. Although there are various therapeutic and behavioral approaches aimed at treating this disorder, no decisive rehabilitation solution is still available. Thanks to neuroimaging and non-invasive brain stimulation, developmental stuttering is now considered as a functional disorder of the correct planning of complex motor sequences (e.g. speech). The identification of neural markers of the disturbance suggests the presence of anomalous interactions between brain networks involved in motor planning, speech processing and cognition: their impaired activity, also in absence of speech tasks, allows us to hypothesize that dysfluencies may be the overt symptom of a more general motor disorder. Acting on the functionality of these defective brain circuits (by using non-invasive brain stimulation techniques), it would be possible to improve speech fluency (directly interacting with the functioning of the impaired brain tissue), thus enhancing effects of the already available behavioral interventions. This unconventional treatment will be useful not only to ameliorate speech fluency in rehabilitative interventions but will also provide further suggestions about the pathophysiology of developmental stuttering.
La balbuzie evolutiva è un disturbo del ritmo dell’eloquio caratterizzato da ripetizioni e prolungamenti di sillabe e suoni, oltre che da esitazioni e pause. La balbuzie insorge nella prima infanzia: nella maggior parte dei casi si assiste ad una remissione (che può essere spontanea o facilitata da interventi terapeutici), ma il disturbo può persistere nell’età adulta, rimanendo evidente in circa l’1% della popolazione totale. Sono state proposte numerose teorie circa l’eziologia della balbuzie evolutiva, ma le basi neurobiologiche restano oscure: vista l’interazione di fattori genetici, epigenetici e ambientali durante lo sviluppo delle strutture del sistema nervoso centrale, la balbuzie evolutiva deve essere considerata un disturbo multifattoriale del neurosviluppo. Sebbene esistano vari approcci terapeutici volti al trattamento di tale condizione, non è ancora disponibile una terapia risolutiva. Grazie a studi di neuroimaging e tecniche di stimolazione cerebrale non invasiva, la balbuzie evolutiva viene ad oggi considerata un disturbo funzionale della corretta programmazione di sequenze motorie complesse, come per esempio quelle relative al linguaggio. L’identificazione di marker neurali del disturbo suggerisce la presenza di interazioni anomale tra network cerebrali coinvolti in compiti motori, elaborazione del linguaggio e processi cognitivi: queste evidenze, anche in assenza di compiti linguistici, hanno permesso di ipotizzare che le disfluenze possano essere il sintomo manifesto di un disturbo motorio più generale. Agendo in modo diretto sulla funzionalità di questi circuiti (tramite l’utilizzo di tecniche di neuromodulazione cerebrale non invasiva), potrebbe essere possibile migliorare la fluenza dell’eloquio (interagendo direttamente con il funzionamento del tessuto cerebrale coinvolto), potenziando così l’effetto degli interventi comportamentali ad oggi già disponibili. In più, tale trattamento non convenzionale sarebbe utile non solo per migliorare la fluenza linguistica in ottica riabilitativa, ma potrebbe fornire nuove evidenze sui meccanismi patofisiologici della balbuzie.
Balbuzie evolutiva: neuromodulazione come trattamento riabilitativo innovativo per comprendere e migliorare le disfluenze
FRITTOLI, ALESSIA
2021/2022
Abstract
Developmental stuttering is a disturbance of the speech rhythm, characterized by repetitions and prolongations of syllables and sounds, as well as by blocks and hesitations. Stuttering occurs in early childhood: in most cases there is a remission (either spontaneously or facilitated by therapeutic interventions), but the disorder may persist in adulthood (about 1% of the total population). Many theories about the etiology of developmental stuttering have been proposed, but its neurobiological causes are still unknown: interaction of genetic, epigenetic and environmental factors is evident, acting on the development of central nervous system structures. As a consequence, developmental stuttering has to be considered a multifactorial and neurodevelopmental disorder. Although there are various therapeutic and behavioral approaches aimed at treating this disorder, no decisive rehabilitation solution is still available. Thanks to neuroimaging and non-invasive brain stimulation, developmental stuttering is now considered as a functional disorder of the correct planning of complex motor sequences (e.g. speech). The identification of neural markers of the disturbance suggests the presence of anomalous interactions between brain networks involved in motor planning, speech processing and cognition: their impaired activity, also in absence of speech tasks, allows us to hypothesize that dysfluencies may be the overt symptom of a more general motor disorder. Acting on the functionality of these defective brain circuits (by using non-invasive brain stimulation techniques), it would be possible to improve speech fluency (directly interacting with the functioning of the impaired brain tissue), thus enhancing effects of the already available behavioral interventions. This unconventional treatment will be useful not only to ameliorate speech fluency in rehabilitative interventions but will also provide further suggestions about the pathophysiology of developmental stuttering.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/30294