BACKGROUND SMA is a genetically determined neuromuscular disease characterized by involvement of the lower motor neuron. SMA presents with muscle weakness and atrophy, mainly proximal, and possible bulbar and respiratory involvement. Since 2017, the first disease modifying drug, the antisense oligonucleotide (ASO) Nusinersen, has been authorized. OBJECTIVE The primary goal of this multicenter retrospective longitudinal study was to assess the long-term functional changes in clinical outcome indicators in a cohort of Nusinersen-treated adult patients with type 2 and 3 Spinal Muscular Atrophy (SMA). MATERIALS AND METHODS Nusinersen, an antisense oligonucleotide that modulates pre-mRNA splicing of the Survival Motor Neuron 2 gene (1), was used to treat 140 ambulant ("walker") and non-ambulant ("sitter") SMA patients, ranging in age from 18 to 74 years (median age 35). Nusinersen 12 mg was administered by intrathecal route to the patients on days 1 (T0), 14 (T0+14), 28 (T0+28), 63 (T0+63) (loading doses) and later approximatively every 4 months (maintenance doses: T6, T10, T14, etc). Clinical evaluations on patients were performed at T0 and then every four months using three assessment scales: Hammersmith Functional Motor Scale-Expanded (HFMSE), Revised Upper Limb Module (RULM), and Six-Minute Walking Test (6MWT). RESULTS In patients with SMA type 3, compared to the baseline score, a significant increase at HFMSE score was observed up to T38 (median change + 1 at T6, T10, T22, T30; +2 at T14, T18, T34, T38). The positive results were detected consistently in SMA 3 “sitter” patients, while, in “walker” patients, significance was lost at time point T22, after two years of treatment. Considering the RULM score, there were no significant median changes in SMA 3 “walker” patients, owing to a strong ceiling effect. The distance walked at the 6MWT significantly improved in SMA 3 “walker” patients from the baseline to T22 (maximum median change +20.5 m at T10, p<0.0001) and, from T26 to T34, a trend toward a non-significant positive change was noted (median change +17.5 m at T26, +12 m at T30 and +20 m at T34). Patients with SMA type 2 had no significant changes in median HFMSE and RULM scores between T0 and the subsequent time periods, even if there was a temporary trend toward positive increases in RULM at T6-T14. Overall, the rate of responders, meaning patients who have improved their motor function by a clinically significant value, ranged from 24% to 43% considering HFMSE, from 19% to 34% considering RULM and from 28 to 38% considering 6MWT. These data are referred to the entire cohort of SMA patients and are statistically significant up to T34. Moreover, the rate of patients who have not significantly improved or worsened in the same timeframe ranged from 52% to 73% considering HFMSE, from 52% to 71% considering RULM and from 51% to 65% considering 6MWT. This data is clinically relevant, considering that SMA natural history predicts a progressive decline of the motor function over time. CONCLUSIONS Our findings add to the growing body of “real-world” evidence for long-term Nusinersen effectiveness in adult SMA type 3 patients. At 22-26 months after starting treatment, the motor function in SMA type 3 “walker” subgroup appears to be stabilized, presumably indicating the maximum functional improvement possible. Due to the small number of adult SMA type 2 patients in our sample, definitive conclusions in this category of individuals are not possible.
BACKGROUND O PRESUPPOSTI DELLO STUDIO La SMA è una malattia neuromuscolare geneticamente determinata caratterizzata da interessamento del secondo motoneurone, che si presenta con debolezza muscolare, atrofia muscolare prevalentemente prossimale e possibile interessamento bulbare e respiratorio. Dal 2017 è stato autorizzato il primo farmaco in grado di cambiare la storia naturale della malattia, l’oligonucleotide antisenso (ASO) Nusinersen. SCOPO DELLO STUDIO L'obiettivo primario di questo studio retrospettivo longitudinale multicentrico è stato quello di valutare i cambiamenti funzionali a lungo termine negli indicatori di esito clinico in una coorte di pazienti adulti trattati con Nusinersen con atrofia muscolare spinale di tipo 2 e 3 (SMA). MATERIALI E METODI Nusinersen, un oligonucleotide antisenso che modula lo splicing pre-mRNA del gene Survival Motor Neuron 2 (1), è stato usato per trattare 140 pazienti ambulanti ("walker") e non-ambulanti ("sitter"), con età compresa tra 18 e 74 anni (età mediana 35). Nusinersen, con un dosaggio di 12 mg, è stato somministrato per via intratecale ai pazienti nei giorni 1 (T0), 14 (T0+14), 28 (T0+28), 63 (T0+63) (dosi di carico) e successivamente approssimativamente ogni 4 mesi (dosi di mantenimento: T6, T10, T14, ecc.). Le valutazioni cliniche sui pazienti sono state eseguite a T0 e poi ogni quattro mesi utilizzando tre scale di valutazione: Hammersmith Functional Motor Scale-Expanded (HFMSE), Revised Upper Limb Module (RULM) e Six-Minute Walking Test (6MWT). RISULTATI Nei pazienti con SMA tipo 3, rispetto al punteggio di base, è stato osservato un aumento significativo del punteggio HFMSE fino a T38 (variazione mediana + 1 a T6, T10, T22, T30; +2 a T14, T18, T34, T38). I risultati positivi sono stati rilevati costantemente nei pazienti con SMA tipo 3 "sitter", mentre, nei pazienti "walker", la significatività è stata persa al punto temporale T22, dopo due anni di trattamento. Per quanto riguarda il punteggio RULM, non ci sono stati cambiamenti mediani significativi nei pazienti "walker" con SMA tipo 3, a causa di un forte “ceiling effect”. La distanza percorsa al 6MWT è notevolmente migliorata nei pazienti con SMA tipo 3 "walker" dalla determinazione basale fino a T22 (variazione mediana massima +20,5 m a T10, p<0.0001) e, da T26 a T34, è stata osservata una tendenza positiva non significativa (variazione mediana +17,5 m a T26, +12 m a T30 e +20 m a T34). I pazienti con SMA di tipo 2 non hanno avuto cambiamenti significativi nei punteggi mediani di HFMSE e RULM tra T0 e i periodi di tempo successivi anche se c'è stata una tendenza verso un aumento del punteggio RULM da T6 a T14. Nel complesso, considerando l'intera coorte di pazienti con SMA, il tasso di pazienti che hanno migliorato la loro funzione motoria di un valore clinicamente significativo va dal 24% al 43% alla scala HFMSE, dal 19% al 34% al RULM e dal 28 al 38% al 6MWT. Tali valori sono statisticamente significativi fino a T38. Nello stesso periodo di tempo, il tasso di pazienti che non sono significativamente migliorati né peggiorati nella funzione motoria varia dal 52% al 73% per l’HFMSE, dal 52% al 71% per il RULM e dal 51% al 65% per il 6MWT. Questo dato è clinicamente rilevante considerando che la storia naturale della malattia prevede un progressivo declino della funzione motoria nel tempo. CONCLUSIONI I nostri risultati si aggiungono al crescente numero di prove dell'efficacia “real-world” a lungo termine di Nusinersen nei pazienti adulti con SMA di tipo 3. A 22-26 mesi dall'inizio del trattamento, la funzione motoria del sottogruppo "walker" sembra stabilizzarsi, indicando presumibilmente il massimo miglioramento funzionale possibile. A causa del ridotto numero di pazienti adulti con SMA di tipo 2 nel nostro campione, non sono state possibili conclusioni definitive in questa categoria di individui.
Nusinersen treatment in adult Spinal Muscular Atrophy
SOGUS, ELENA
2021/2022
Abstract
BACKGROUND SMA is a genetically determined neuromuscular disease characterized by involvement of the lower motor neuron. SMA presents with muscle weakness and atrophy, mainly proximal, and possible bulbar and respiratory involvement. Since 2017, the first disease modifying drug, the antisense oligonucleotide (ASO) Nusinersen, has been authorized. OBJECTIVE The primary goal of this multicenter retrospective longitudinal study was to assess the long-term functional changes in clinical outcome indicators in a cohort of Nusinersen-treated adult patients with type 2 and 3 Spinal Muscular Atrophy (SMA). MATERIALS AND METHODS Nusinersen, an antisense oligonucleotide that modulates pre-mRNA splicing of the Survival Motor Neuron 2 gene (1), was used to treat 140 ambulant ("walker") and non-ambulant ("sitter") SMA patients, ranging in age from 18 to 74 years (median age 35). Nusinersen 12 mg was administered by intrathecal route to the patients on days 1 (T0), 14 (T0+14), 28 (T0+28), 63 (T0+63) (loading doses) and later approximatively every 4 months (maintenance doses: T6, T10, T14, etc). Clinical evaluations on patients were performed at T0 and then every four months using three assessment scales: Hammersmith Functional Motor Scale-Expanded (HFMSE), Revised Upper Limb Module (RULM), and Six-Minute Walking Test (6MWT). RESULTS In patients with SMA type 3, compared to the baseline score, a significant increase at HFMSE score was observed up to T38 (median change + 1 at T6, T10, T22, T30; +2 at T14, T18, T34, T38). The positive results were detected consistently in SMA 3 “sitter” patients, while, in “walker” patients, significance was lost at time point T22, after two years of treatment. Considering the RULM score, there were no significant median changes in SMA 3 “walker” patients, owing to a strong ceiling effect. The distance walked at the 6MWT significantly improved in SMA 3 “walker” patients from the baseline to T22 (maximum median change +20.5 m at T10, p<0.0001) and, from T26 to T34, a trend toward a non-significant positive change was noted (median change +17.5 m at T26, +12 m at T30 and +20 m at T34). Patients with SMA type 2 had no significant changes in median HFMSE and RULM scores between T0 and the subsequent time periods, even if there was a temporary trend toward positive increases in RULM at T6-T14. Overall, the rate of responders, meaning patients who have improved their motor function by a clinically significant value, ranged from 24% to 43% considering HFMSE, from 19% to 34% considering RULM and from 28 to 38% considering 6MWT. These data are referred to the entire cohort of SMA patients and are statistically significant up to T34. Moreover, the rate of patients who have not significantly improved or worsened in the same timeframe ranged from 52% to 73% considering HFMSE, from 52% to 71% considering RULM and from 51% to 65% considering 6MWT. This data is clinically relevant, considering that SMA natural history predicts a progressive decline of the motor function over time. CONCLUSIONS Our findings add to the growing body of “real-world” evidence for long-term Nusinersen effectiveness in adult SMA type 3 patients. At 22-26 months after starting treatment, the motor function in SMA type 3 “walker” subgroup appears to be stabilized, presumably indicating the maximum functional improvement possible. Due to the small number of adult SMA type 2 patients in our sample, definitive conclusions in this category of individuals are not possible.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/30569