Fetal growth restriction (FGR) is a common complication of pregnancy caused by placental insufficiency and it represents a leading cause of perinatal mortality and short- and long-term morbidity. Since there is no effective intrauterine treatment, the only way of intervention is the timing of delivery, which should be carefully balanced between prematurity and hemodynamic decompensation. Purpose: The aim of this study was to analyze for the first time the depth of the notch (notch index) between systole and diastole in the Doppler profile of the fetal aortic isthmus to evaluate a possible correlation of the notch index with the severity of growth restriction and with the perinatal outcome of fetuses. Methods: This retrospective study was conducted on 148 singleton fetuses, which were divided in five groups: 85 fetuses were AGA – appropriate for gestational age; 28 SGA – small for gestational age (estimated fetal weight – EFW <10° percentile); 18 FGR A (EFW <3° percentile); 12 FGR B (EFW <10° percentile and uterine artery pulsatility index – UtA-PI >95° percentile); 5 FGR C (EFW <10° percentile and umbilical artery pulsatility index – UA-PI >95° percentile). For each fetus, maternal data, newborn data, maternal and fetal Doppler parameters (uterine arteries, umbilical artery, middle cerebral artery, ductus venosus and aortic isthmus) were recorded, with particular regard to aortic isthmus notch index (AoI-NI). The composite negative outcome comprised: pre-eclampsia, fetal distress, NICU (neonatal intensive care unit) hospitalization, cardio-pulmonary fetal resuscitation and Apgar score <7 at the 5th minute. We performed a univariate and multivariate logistic regression to establish the association between AoI-NI and the composite negative outcome. Results: Aortic isthmus notch index was significantly increased in FGR C group with a median value of 0.26 (0.25-0.81), more than double that of other groups, included FGR A and FGR B fetuses with median values respectively of 0.04 and 0.09. Gestational age at delivery and birth weight were significantly lower in FGR C fetuses than other groups (vs AGA, SGA, FGR A and FGR B). At the univariate and multivariate logistic regression, AoI-NI was significantly associated to composite negative outcome with Odds Ratio respectively of 33.14 (IC95% 1.93 – 567.94, p<0.05) and 30.69 (IC95% 1.72 - 547.84, p<0.05). Conclusion: An increased aortic isthmus notch index was associated with the most severe form of fetal growth restriction (group FGR C), whose fetuses were delivered earlier than other groups. The increased aortic isthmus notch index was also significantly associated with the presence of the negative composite outcome.
Il ritardo di crescita fetale (FGR: fetal growth restriction) è una complicanza comune della gravidanza causata da meccanismi di insufficienza placentare e costituisce una causa importante di mortalità perinatale e morbidità a breve e lungo termine. Non essendo disponibile alcuna terapia intrauterina, l’unico sistema di intervento è un corretto timing del parto, in un giusto equilibrio tra prematurità e scompenso emodinamico. Scopo: Lo scopo principale di questo studio consiste nell’analizzare per la prima volta la profondità dell’incisura (notch index) tra sistole e diastole nel profilo Doppler dell’istmo aortico, al fine di valutare un’eventuale correlazione del notch index con la severità del ritardo di crescita e con l’outcome perinatale dei feti FGR. Metodi: È stato condotto uno studio retrospettivo su 148 feti suddivisi in cinque gruppi: 85 feti AGA – appropriate for gestational age; 28 SGA – small for gestational age (peso fetale stimato – EFW <10° percentile); 18 FGR A (EFW <3° percentile); 12 FGR B (EFW <10° percentile e pulsatility index dell’arteria uterina – UtA-PI >95° percentile); 5 FGR C (EFW <10° percentile e pulsatility index dell’arteria ombelicale – UA-PI >95° percentile). Di ciascun feto sono stati raccolti i dati materni, i dati neonatali e i parametri Doppler materni e fetali (arterie uterine, arteria ombelicale, arteria cerebrale media, dotto venoso e istmo aortico¬), in particolare il notch index dell’istmo aortico (AoI-NI). L’outcome avverso composto comprendeva: pre-eclampsia, distress fetale, ricovero in terapia intensiva neonatale, rianimazione cardiopolmonare fetale e Apgar score a 5 minuti inferiore a 7. È stata eseguita una regressione logistica univariata e multivariata per valutare l’associazione dell’AoI-NI con l’outcome avverso composto. Risultati: Il notch index dell’istmo aortico è risultato significativamente aumentato nel gruppo di feti FGR C con un valore mediano di 0.26 (0.25-0.81), oltre il doppio rispetto agli altri gruppi, compresi i feti FGR A ed FGR B con valori mediani rispettivamente di 0.04 e 0.09. Età gestazionale al parto e peso alla nascita erano significativamente ridotti nei feti FGR C rispetto agli altri gruppi (vs AGA, SGA, FGR A e FGR B). Alla regressione logistica univariata e multivariata, l’AoI-NI è risultato associato in modo statisticamente significativo all’outcome avverso composto con Odds Ratio rispettivamente di 33.14 (IC95% 1.93 – 567.94, p<0.05) e 30.69 (IC95% 1.72 - 547.84, p<0.05). Conclusioni: L’aumento del notch index dell’istmo aortico è stato associato ai feti con la forma più severa di ritardo di crescita (FGR C), partoriti precocemente rispetto agli altri gruppi. L’aumentato notch index dell’istmo aortico è stato anche associato significativamente alla presenza dell’outcome avverso composto.
Il ruolo predittivo del notch index dell'istmo aortico nei feti con ritardo di crescita
VECCHIATO, CHIARA
2021/2022
Abstract
Fetal growth restriction (FGR) is a common complication of pregnancy caused by placental insufficiency and it represents a leading cause of perinatal mortality and short- and long-term morbidity. Since there is no effective intrauterine treatment, the only way of intervention is the timing of delivery, which should be carefully balanced between prematurity and hemodynamic decompensation. Purpose: The aim of this study was to analyze for the first time the depth of the notch (notch index) between systole and diastole in the Doppler profile of the fetal aortic isthmus to evaluate a possible correlation of the notch index with the severity of growth restriction and with the perinatal outcome of fetuses. Methods: This retrospective study was conducted on 148 singleton fetuses, which were divided in five groups: 85 fetuses were AGA – appropriate for gestational age; 28 SGA – small for gestational age (estimated fetal weight – EFW <10° percentile); 18 FGR A (EFW <3° percentile); 12 FGR B (EFW <10° percentile and uterine artery pulsatility index – UtA-PI >95° percentile); 5 FGR C (EFW <10° percentile and umbilical artery pulsatility index – UA-PI >95° percentile). For each fetus, maternal data, newborn data, maternal and fetal Doppler parameters (uterine arteries, umbilical artery, middle cerebral artery, ductus venosus and aortic isthmus) were recorded, with particular regard to aortic isthmus notch index (AoI-NI). The composite negative outcome comprised: pre-eclampsia, fetal distress, NICU (neonatal intensive care unit) hospitalization, cardio-pulmonary fetal resuscitation and Apgar score <7 at the 5th minute. We performed a univariate and multivariate logistic regression to establish the association between AoI-NI and the composite negative outcome. Results: Aortic isthmus notch index was significantly increased in FGR C group with a median value of 0.26 (0.25-0.81), more than double that of other groups, included FGR A and FGR B fetuses with median values respectively of 0.04 and 0.09. Gestational age at delivery and birth weight were significantly lower in FGR C fetuses than other groups (vs AGA, SGA, FGR A and FGR B). At the univariate and multivariate logistic regression, AoI-NI was significantly associated to composite negative outcome with Odds Ratio respectively of 33.14 (IC95% 1.93 – 567.94, p<0.05) and 30.69 (IC95% 1.72 - 547.84, p<0.05). Conclusion: An increased aortic isthmus notch index was associated with the most severe form of fetal growth restriction (group FGR C), whose fetuses were delivered earlier than other groups. The increased aortic isthmus notch index was also significantly associated with the presence of the negative composite outcome.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/30605