Objectives of the study: this study aims to evaluate the feasibility of point-of-care analysis for the emergency determination of the most common drugs of abuse at the PS AOUP by implementing a shared pathway between PS and Laboratory Medicine for the determination of the main drugs of abuse in urine. This analysis is conducted in parallel to that performed in Forensic Medicine with liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry methods that represent in gold standard. Materials and Methods: During the period from Feb. 18 to June 19, 2022, we enrolled all trauma subjects who accessed the PS with a request from the AG for toxicological investigations ex art 186-178 CdS. After requesting consent from the patients, in addition to blood and urine samples to be sent to the Forensic Medicine laboratory, we collected an additional aliquot of urine to be sent to the Urgent Care Laboratory for Point of Care testing. The test results were collected in an excell sheet database where the data were anonymized. In parallel, from the computer system in use at AOUP (Galileo) we obtained the following data: clinical picture, mode of entry, triage code, and therapy. In order to evaluate the reliability of the method with the immunoassay "QUIDEL Triage TOX Drug Screen, 94600" performed by Laboratory Medicine, we compared the results of this test with those of the analysis performed with HPLC-MS technique on the urine samples sent to Forensic Medicine. Using both methods, we tested for the following psychoactive substances: THC (tetrahydrocannabinoids) and cannabinoids, cocaine, amphetamines, methamphetamines and MDMA (3,4-methylene dioxymethamphetamine), cocaine, opiates, EDDP (methadone metabolite), benzodiazepines, and barbiturates. Results: the study population consisted of 100 patients, of whom 16 were female subjects and 84 were male subjects, mainly of Italian nationality (80). At triage 18 patients (18 %) were assigned triage code red, 16 (16 %) code orange, 47 (47 %) with code yellow and 19 (19 %) with code white. The majority of patients (91 %) had a Glasgow Coma Scale of 15. 22 (22 %) patients had no trauma, 21 (21 %) head trauma, 10 (10 %) a facial massif trauma, 17 (17 %) spine trauma, 31 (31 %) chest trauma, 7 (7 %) abdominal trauma, 8 (8 %) pelvis trauma and 48 (48 %) limb trauma. 77 patients (77 %), were discharged from the PS, 13 (23 %) were hospitalized (2 Surgery, 6 Intensive Care Unit, 13 in different wards). The prognosis assigned to the patients was for 56 of them <20 days, for 15 between 20 and 40 days, for 8 > 40 days, and 8 prognosis reserved. From the toxicological examinations using the "QUIDEL triage TOX Drug Screen" test, 32 total drug positives were found, of these 7 patients tested positive for multiple substances; 12 positive for cannabinoids (THC), 12 for cocaine, 3 for opiates, 1 for EDDP (main metabolite of methadone) and 13 for benzodiazepines. From the results received from Forensic Medicine, there were 9 positives for cannabinoids, 9 for cocaine, 3 for opiates, and 9 for benzodiazepines. Conclusions: in PS, screening for the most common drugs of abuse is used as a diagnostic test because it provides rapid results compared to routine testing although with all the limitations associated with the fact that urine screening originated as a screening test and not as a diagnostic test (on an individual). Knowledge of the specific psychotropic substance by which a critical patient is intoxicated does not change his or her management in an emergency, but may prove useful in differential diagnosis and subsequent management.
Obiettivi dello studio: questo studio ha l’obiettivo di valutare la fattibilità dell’analisi point-of-care per la determinazione in emergenza delle più comuni droghe d’abuso al PS AOUP realizzando un percorso condiviso fra PS e Medicina di Laboratorio per la determinazione delle principali sostanze d’abuso nelle urine. Questa analisi viene condotta in parallelo a quella eseguita in Medicina Legale con metodiche cromatografia liquida accoppiata a spettrometria di massa che rappresentano in gold standard. Materiali e metodi: Nel periodo compreso fra il 18 febbraio e 19 giugno 2022 abbiamo arruolato tutti i soggetti traumatizzati acceduti al PS con richiesta dell’AG di accertamenti tossicologici ex art 186-178 CdS. Dopo aver richiesto il consenso ai pazienti, oltre ai campioni di sangue e urine da inviare al laboratorio della Medicina Legale, abbiamo raccolto un’aliquota supplementare di urine da destinare al Laboratorio Urgenze per l’esecuzione del test Point of Care. I risultati delle analisi sono stati raccolti in un database su foglio di excell dove i dati sono stati anonimizzati. Parallelamente dal sistema informatico in uso presso l’AOUP (Galileo) abbiamo ricavato i seguenti dati: quadro clinico, modalità di ingresso, codice del triage, terapia. Al fine di valutare l’affidabilità del metodo con il saggio immunometrico “QUIDEL Triage TOX Drug Screen, 94600” eseguito dalla Medicina di Laboratorio abbiamo confrontato i risultati di questo test con quelli delle analisi effettuate con tecnica HPLC-MS sui campioni di urina inviati alla Medicina Legale. Con entrambi i metodi abbiamo testato le seguenti sostanze psicoattive: THC (tetraidrocannabinoidi) e cannabinoidi, cocaina, anfetamine, metanfetamine ed MDMA (3,4 metilene diossimetamfetamina), cocaina, oppiacei, EDDP (metabolita del metadone), benzodiazepine, barbiturici. Risultati: la popolazione studiata era composta di 100 pazienti, di cui soggetti di sesso femminile sono 16 e 84 di sesso maschile, principalmente di nazionalità italiana (80). Al triage a 18 pazienti (18 %) è stato assegnato il codice triage rosso, a 16 (16 %) il codice arancione, a 47 (47 %) con il codice giallo e 19 (19 %) con il codice bianco. La maggior parte dei pazienti (91 %) presentava una Glasgow Coma Scale di 15. 22 (22 %) pazienti non presentavano traumatismo, 21 (21 %) trauma cranico, 10 (10 %) un trauma del massiccio facciale, 17 (17 %) trauma alla colonna vertebrale, 31 (31 %) un trauma toracico, 7 (7 %) un trauma addominale, 8 (8 %) di bacino e 48 (48 %) trauma degli arti. 77 pazienti (77 %), sono stati dimessi dal PS, 13 (23 %) sono stati ricoverati (2 Chirurgia, 6 Unità di Terapia Intensiva, 13 in reparti diversi). La prognosi assegnata ai pazienti è state per 56 di essi <20 giorni, per 15 compresa tra 20 e 40 giorni, per 8 > 40 giorni e 8 prognosi riservata. Dagli esami tossicologici effettuati con il test “QUIDEL triage TOX Drug Screen” sono state riscontrate 32 positività totali a sostanze stupefacenti, di queste 7 pazienti sono risultati positivi a multiple sostanze; 12 positivi a cannabinoidi (THC), 12 alla cocaina, 3 a oppiacei, 1 per EDDP (principale metabolita del metadone) e 13 a benzodiazepine. Dai risultati pervenuti dalla Medicina Legale si sono riscontrate 9 positività per cannabinoidi, 9 per cocaina, 3 per oppiacei e 9 per benzodiazepine. Conclusioni: nei PS lo screening per le più comuni droghe d’abuso viene usato come test diagnostico perché fornisce risultati rapidi rispetto all’esame di routine sebbene con tutte le limitazioni legate al fatto che lo screening urine nasce come test di screening e non come test diagnostico (su un singolo individuo). La conoscenza della specifica sostanza psicotropa da cui è intossicato un paziente critico non ne modifica la gestione in emergenza, ma può rivelarsi utile nella diagnosi differenziale e nella gestione successiva.
Studio di fattibilità dell'analisi point-of-care per la determinazione delle più comuni droghe d'abuso nel Pronto Soccorso dell'Azienda Ospedale-Università di Padova
ZANOTTO, STEFANO
2021/2022
Abstract
Objectives of the study: this study aims to evaluate the feasibility of point-of-care analysis for the emergency determination of the most common drugs of abuse at the PS AOUP by implementing a shared pathway between PS and Laboratory Medicine for the determination of the main drugs of abuse in urine. This analysis is conducted in parallel to that performed in Forensic Medicine with liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry methods that represent in gold standard. Materials and Methods: During the period from Feb. 18 to June 19, 2022, we enrolled all trauma subjects who accessed the PS with a request from the AG for toxicological investigations ex art 186-178 CdS. After requesting consent from the patients, in addition to blood and urine samples to be sent to the Forensic Medicine laboratory, we collected an additional aliquot of urine to be sent to the Urgent Care Laboratory for Point of Care testing. The test results were collected in an excell sheet database where the data were anonymized. In parallel, from the computer system in use at AOUP (Galileo) we obtained the following data: clinical picture, mode of entry, triage code, and therapy. In order to evaluate the reliability of the method with the immunoassay "QUIDEL Triage TOX Drug Screen, 94600" performed by Laboratory Medicine, we compared the results of this test with those of the analysis performed with HPLC-MS technique on the urine samples sent to Forensic Medicine. Using both methods, we tested for the following psychoactive substances: THC (tetrahydrocannabinoids) and cannabinoids, cocaine, amphetamines, methamphetamines and MDMA (3,4-methylene dioxymethamphetamine), cocaine, opiates, EDDP (methadone metabolite), benzodiazepines, and barbiturates. Results: the study population consisted of 100 patients, of whom 16 were female subjects and 84 were male subjects, mainly of Italian nationality (80). At triage 18 patients (18 %) were assigned triage code red, 16 (16 %) code orange, 47 (47 %) with code yellow and 19 (19 %) with code white. The majority of patients (91 %) had a Glasgow Coma Scale of 15. 22 (22 %) patients had no trauma, 21 (21 %) head trauma, 10 (10 %) a facial massif trauma, 17 (17 %) spine trauma, 31 (31 %) chest trauma, 7 (7 %) abdominal trauma, 8 (8 %) pelvis trauma and 48 (48 %) limb trauma. 77 patients (77 %), were discharged from the PS, 13 (23 %) were hospitalized (2 Surgery, 6 Intensive Care Unit, 13 in different wards). The prognosis assigned to the patients was for 56 of them <20 days, for 15 between 20 and 40 days, for 8 > 40 days, and 8 prognosis reserved. From the toxicological examinations using the "QUIDEL triage TOX Drug Screen" test, 32 total drug positives were found, of these 7 patients tested positive for multiple substances; 12 positive for cannabinoids (THC), 12 for cocaine, 3 for opiates, 1 for EDDP (main metabolite of methadone) and 13 for benzodiazepines. From the results received from Forensic Medicine, there were 9 positives for cannabinoids, 9 for cocaine, 3 for opiates, and 9 for benzodiazepines. Conclusions: in PS, screening for the most common drugs of abuse is used as a diagnostic test because it provides rapid results compared to routine testing although with all the limitations associated with the fact that urine screening originated as a screening test and not as a diagnostic test (on an individual). Knowledge of the specific psychotropic substance by which a critical patient is intoxicated does not change his or her management in an emergency, but may prove useful in differential diagnosis and subsequent management.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/30606