Background: Anorexia Nervosa has a significant cortical impact: the analysis of the alterations that involves, presents different points of view, some of them already investigated in literature with parameters such as cortical thickness, gray matter volume, gyrification index. Among the most innovative ones, three parameters have shown their ability to catch different aspects of the same pathological process: gyrification pattern, sulcal morphology and fractal dimension (DF). Study aim: This study, with a longitudinal design, aims to evaluate the cortical changes induced by AN in a sample of patients in acute condition (ANbaseline), after 3.5 months of treatment (ANflw) and in a sample of healthy women (controls). The main goal is to detect the cortical impact of AN from several points of view and to observe its potential reversibility after partial weight recovery. Materials and methods Sample: The study has an only female sample: 38 patients with AN, followed by on average 3.5 months until reaching the 20th percentile of age-adjusted BMI, and 52 healthy controls. The mean age of patients was 15.25 (± 1.88) years, the mean BMI is 14.96 (± 1.47), age of onset 14.12 (± 1.60) years. Data acquisition and processing: All subjects underwent T1-weighted MRI, 1.5 Tesla, with echo-planar sequences. The surface extraction was performed with FreeSurfer package, version 7.1.1. The cortex was divided into areas according to the Combined Atlas. The gyrification pattern, an exploratory approach, was obtained with the representation of gyrification values for 200 coronal sections, ordered postero-anteriorly. Furthermore, investigations included the evaluation of morphology, width and depth, of the 16 main grooves with MATLAB calcSulc toolbox and calculation of total DF, for the 4 lobes and for the 42 areas, with MATLAB calcFD toolbox. Results: The posterior-anterior gyrification pattern was represented with three traces: they have the same trend, despite having lower ANbaseline values, significant in Central Sulcus, Parieto-Temporal and Frontal region. There is no significant difference between ANflw and controls. The sulcus evaluation was performed sulcus by sulcus and, subsequently, as a factor analysis, with 7 factors for width and 5 for depth. In the first case, 7 sulci showed altered morphology in the controls vs. ANbaseline, only 3 of them also for controls vs. ANfollow-up. Statistical significance was found in the factors 2, 4, 6 for width, enlarged in patients; in none for depth. There was no statistically significant correlation between clinical variables and sulcal morphology analysis. In the DF study, ANbaseline patients have reduced DF globally, for all four main lobes and in most of the 42 areas compared to both controls and follow-up MRI, with large differences bilaterally. In the comparison ANflw and controls, the DF appears remarkably normalized, while maintaining decreased values but with less deviation compared to the acute stage. Significant correlations were found between total DF and BMI-SDS (p = 0.004), age of onset (p = 0.004), duration of illness (p = 0.004). Conclusions: To date, this is the first study that aims to examine patients with AN longitudinally according to three different parameters: gyrification pattern, sulcal morphology and cortical complexity. The main goal is to demonstrate the common finding of cortical alterations in acute disease, with then a gradual normalization, as already documented in literature by studies with different approaches. This hypothesis is confirmed: significant alterations are highlighted in the acute stage, compared to controls, and also their disappearance or important recovery in ANflw. This suggests that these modifications are not "scars" of disease and that malnutrition may have an important role in their genesis. Consequently, the importance of an early diagnosis is evident, in order to set up an effective treatment.
Presupposti: L’Anoressia Nervosa ha un impatto corticale rilevante: l’analisi delle alterazioni che comporta presenta numerose sfaccettature, alcune indagate in letteratura con parametri come lo spessore corticale, la quantità di sostanza grigia, l’indice di girificazione. Tra i più innovativi, tre hanno dimostrato di saper cogliere aspetti differenti del medesimo processo patologico: il pattern di girificazione, la morfologia dei solchi, la dimensione frattale (DF). Scopo: Lo studio, longitudinale, valuta le modificazioni corticali indotte dall’AN in un campione di pazienti in acuto (ANbaseline), a 3.5 mesi di trattamento (ANflw) e in un campione di donne sane (controlli). L’obiettivo è rilevare gli effetti dell’AN da più punti di vista e osservarne la potenziale reversibilità dopo parziale recupero del peso. Materiali e Metodi: Campione: Il campione è femminile: 38 pazienti con AN, seguite al follow-up di media 3.5 mesi fino al raggiungimento del 20° percentile di BMI aggiustato per età, e 52 controlli. L’età media è 15.25 (± 1.88) anni nelle pazienti, il BMI medio è 14.96 (± 1.47), l’età d’esordio 14.12 (± 1.60) anni. Acquisizione e processamento dei dati: I soggetti sono stati sottoposti a RM T1-pesata, 1.5 Tesla, con sequenze echo-planari. L’estrazione della superficie è stata eseguita con FreeSurfer, versione 7.1.1. La corteccia è stata divisa in aree secondo l’atlante Combinato. Il pattern di girificazione, approccio esplorativo, è ottenuto come rappresentazione dell’indice di girificazione per 200 sezioni coronali postero-anteriormente. Le indagini di approfondimento hanno previsto la valutazione della morfologia, come larghezza e profondità, dei 16 principali solchi con il toolbox calcSulc di MATLAB e il calcolo della DF totale, per i 4 lobi e per le 42 aree, con il toolbox MATLAB calcFD. Risultati: Il pattern di girificazione postero-anteriore è stato rappresentato con tre tracciati: presentano il medesimo andamento, pur avendo ANbaseline valori inferiori, significativi in Solco Centrale, regione Parieto-Temporale e Frontale. Non vi è differenza significativa tra ANflw e controlli. La valutazione dei solchi è stata eseguita solco per solco e, in seguito, come analisi fattoriale. Nel primo caso, 7 solchi hanno presentato morfologia alterata per controlli vs. ANbaseline, solo 3 di essi per controlli vs. ANflw. La significatività è stata riscontrata nei fattori 2, 4, 6 per larghezza, con solchi allargati nelle pazienti; in nessuno per profondità. Non è stata evidenziata alcuna correlazione tra variabili cliniche e morfologia sulcale. Nello studio della DF le pazienti ANbaseline presentano DF ridotta globalmente, per i 4 lobi principali e in gran parte delle 42 aree rispetto sia ai controlli che a ANflw, con ampie differenze bilateralmente. Nel confronto ANflw e controlli, la DF appare notevolmente normalizzata, pur mantenendo valori diminuiti ma con minor scostamento rispetto allo stadio di acuzie. Si sono riscontrate correlazioni significative tra DF totale e BMI-SDS (p=0.004), età d’esordio (p= 0.004), durata di malattia (p= 0.004). Conclusioni: Ad oggi, questo è il primo studio che esamina pazienti con AN longitudinalmente per tre differenti parametri: pattern di girificazione, morfologia dei solchi e complessità corticale. L’obiettivo è dimostrare il comune riscontro di alterazioni corticali imputabili alla malattia in acuto, con poi una graduale normalizzazione, come già documentato in letteratura con diversi approcci. Si conferma tale ipotesi: si evidenziano alterazioni notevoli in acuto, rispetto ai controlli, e una loro scomparsa o importante recupero in ANflw. Ciò suggerisce che non siano "cicatrici" della patologia e che la malnutrizione possa avere un importante ruolo nella loro genesi. Ne consegue l’importanza di una diagnosi precoce ai fini di impostare un efficace trattamento.
Morfologia dei solchi, complessità corticale e pattern di girificazione nell'Anoressia Nervosa: uno studio longitudinale
BEGGIATO, GIULIA
2021/2022
Abstract
Background: Anorexia Nervosa has a significant cortical impact: the analysis of the alterations that involves, presents different points of view, some of them already investigated in literature with parameters such as cortical thickness, gray matter volume, gyrification index. Among the most innovative ones, three parameters have shown their ability to catch different aspects of the same pathological process: gyrification pattern, sulcal morphology and fractal dimension (DF). Study aim: This study, with a longitudinal design, aims to evaluate the cortical changes induced by AN in a sample of patients in acute condition (ANbaseline), after 3.5 months of treatment (ANflw) and in a sample of healthy women (controls). The main goal is to detect the cortical impact of AN from several points of view and to observe its potential reversibility after partial weight recovery. Materials and methods Sample: The study has an only female sample: 38 patients with AN, followed by on average 3.5 months until reaching the 20th percentile of age-adjusted BMI, and 52 healthy controls. The mean age of patients was 15.25 (± 1.88) years, the mean BMI is 14.96 (± 1.47), age of onset 14.12 (± 1.60) years. Data acquisition and processing: All subjects underwent T1-weighted MRI, 1.5 Tesla, with echo-planar sequences. The surface extraction was performed with FreeSurfer package, version 7.1.1. The cortex was divided into areas according to the Combined Atlas. The gyrification pattern, an exploratory approach, was obtained with the representation of gyrification values for 200 coronal sections, ordered postero-anteriorly. Furthermore, investigations included the evaluation of morphology, width and depth, of the 16 main grooves with MATLAB calcSulc toolbox and calculation of total DF, for the 4 lobes and for the 42 areas, with MATLAB calcFD toolbox. Results: The posterior-anterior gyrification pattern was represented with three traces: they have the same trend, despite having lower ANbaseline values, significant in Central Sulcus, Parieto-Temporal and Frontal region. There is no significant difference between ANflw and controls. The sulcus evaluation was performed sulcus by sulcus and, subsequently, as a factor analysis, with 7 factors for width and 5 for depth. In the first case, 7 sulci showed altered morphology in the controls vs. ANbaseline, only 3 of them also for controls vs. ANfollow-up. Statistical significance was found in the factors 2, 4, 6 for width, enlarged in patients; in none for depth. There was no statistically significant correlation between clinical variables and sulcal morphology analysis. In the DF study, ANbaseline patients have reduced DF globally, for all four main lobes and in most of the 42 areas compared to both controls and follow-up MRI, with large differences bilaterally. In the comparison ANflw and controls, the DF appears remarkably normalized, while maintaining decreased values but with less deviation compared to the acute stage. Significant correlations were found between total DF and BMI-SDS (p = 0.004), age of onset (p = 0.004), duration of illness (p = 0.004). Conclusions: To date, this is the first study that aims to examine patients with AN longitudinally according to three different parameters: gyrification pattern, sulcal morphology and cortical complexity. The main goal is to demonstrate the common finding of cortical alterations in acute disease, with then a gradual normalization, as already documented in literature by studies with different approaches. This hypothesis is confirmed: significant alterations are highlighted in the acute stage, compared to controls, and also their disappearance or important recovery in ANflw. This suggests that these modifications are not "scars" of disease and that malnutrition may have an important role in their genesis. Consequently, the importance of an early diagnosis is evident, in order to set up an effective treatment.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/30716