Background The univentricular heart defect is treated with the Fontan operation, that consist in the diversion of the systemic venous return to the pulmonary arteries. Nowadays, there are many patients who reach adulthood with a good quality of life. Unfortunately, in this cohort there is a series of complications the so-called failing Fontan, which negatively affects the life expectancy, especially due to the onset of a congestive and then fibrosing liver disease or Fontan-Associated Liver Disease (FALD). In recent decades, therefore, specific diagnostics has assumed significant importance to identify and stage FALD early, in order to optimize patient management both from a clinical and surgical point of view. Objective of the study: a) to characterize patients with failing Fontan, including those with FALD, in relation to the duration of the Fontan; b) to identify liver fibrosis scores, (FORNS, VAST, MELD-XI) and those composite by measurement of Liver (LS) and Spleen (SS) stiffness (LSPS and the new proposed SSPS) for prognosis of portal hypertension, and c) to define the risk profile (new “Padua Risk Score”) for profiling the risk of major liver complications tailored to the individual patient. Patients and Methods 120 outpatients (68 males/52 females), mean age of 24,8 ± 11,6 years born with single ventricle corrected by Fontan circuit-have been recruited prospectively from 2019 to 2022 (mean FU: 18,5±13,1 months). Each patient underwent a complete anamnesis, physical examination and specific profile of hematochemical tests and an instrumental evaluation with: ECG, echocardiography, cardiopulmonary stress tests and abdominal ultrasound with Doppler or CT/MRI, measurement of both liver and spleen stiffness with transient elastography (Fibroscan, Echosens, Paris). Results Based on the time elapsed since Fontan's surgery (Group A: <15 years; Group B: 15-25 years; Group C:> 25 years), 3 groups were formed (each of 40 cases), to compare the clinical, biochemical and imaging features. ROC curves were built for standardization of scores and cut-off with better diagnostic accuracy for FALD. Finally two groups were identified in the population based on criteria selective for advanced liver disease with portal hypertension: ie. VAST score (≥2) or portal vein size (>12mm) and portal flow (<12cm/s) and through the Padua Risk Score, developed during the study, 66 patients (55%) were identified with a low-moderate risk profile (hazard ratio 0,30); while 54 patients (45%) with a high risk profile (hazard ratio 3,29). The worsening of hepatic, renal and cardiac function became evident with elapsed time from Fontan surgery, in particular with the Kaplan-Meier survival analysis, the need to start liver monitoring emerged already after the first decade. In particular, in the three-year period under study there were 9 deaths and only one transplant with a favourable outcome. Conclusions An algorithm for liver disease surveillance in Fontan patients is necessary: liver stiffness (cut-off > 20.2 kPa; sens. 84.5%; spec.79.0%; p<0,001), and the SSPS (cut-off>2,28; sens. 91.2%; spec. 91.1%; p<0.001) proved to be the most accurate score to diagnosed FALD and may be the first standardized guideline bringing toghether professional organization from cardiology and hepatology would to simplify the management of FALD, to establish clear pathways for transplant assessment and organ listing.
Contesto: I difetti cardiaci univentricolari complessi vengono trattati con l'intervento di Fontan che consiste nella deviazione del ritorno venoso sistemico verso le arterie polmonari. Al giorno d'oggi, sono molti i pazienti che raggiungono l'età adulta con una buona qualità di vita. Purtroppo in questa coorte si presentano una serie di complicazioni, o cosiddetta failing Fontan (FF), che incide sfavorevolmente sulla spettanza di vita, soprattutto per l'insorgenza di una malattia epatica congestizia e poi fibrosante o Fontan-Associated Liver Disease (FALD). Negli ultimi decenni, quindi, la diagnostica specifica ha assunto notevole importanza per identificare e stadiare precocemente l’epatopatia associata, al fine di ottimizzare la gestione del paziente sia dal punto di vista clinico che chirurgico. Obiettivi dello studio: a) caratterizzare i pazienti con FF, compresi quelli con FALD, in relazione alla durata del Fontan; b) identificare i cut-off predittivi per la stadiazione della fibrosi epatica, (FORNS, LSPS, SSPS) con la misurazione della rigidità del fegato (LS) e della milza (SS); e gli score prognostici per identificare l'ipertensione portale e il rischio di complicanze epatiche maggiori (VAST, MELD XI) c) definire un profilo di rischio (Padua Risk Score) per l'insorgenza di complicanze legate alla cirrosi epatica individualizzato al singolo paziente. Pazienti e metodi: 120 pazienti ambulatoriali (68 maschi/52 femmine), età media 24,8 ± 11,6 anni, nati con ventricolo singolo corretto con circuito di Fontan, sono stati reclutati prospetticamente dal 2019 al 2022. Ciascun paziente è stato sottoposto ad anamnesi completa, esame obiettivo e profilo specifico degli esami ematochimici e una valutazione strumentale con: ECG, ecocardiografia, stress test cardiopolmonare ed ecografia addominale con Doppler o TC/MRI, misurazione della rigidità sia del fegato che della milza con elastografia transitoria (Fibroscan, Echosens, Paris). Risultati: sulla base del tempo trascorso dall'intervento di Fontan sono stati formati 3 gruppi di 40 pazienti, (Gruppo A: <15 anni; Gruppo B: 15-25 anni; Gruppo C:> 25 anni), per confrontare i dati clinici, biochimici e le caratteristiche di imaging. Le curve ROC sono state costruite per la standardizzazione dei punteggi e l’applicazione di cut-off con migliore accuratezza diagnostica per il FALD. Infine, sono stati confrontati due gruppi sulla base di criteri indicativi di malattia epatica avanzata e/o con ipertensione portale, attraverso criteri selettivi come il VAST (≥2), la dimensione della vena porta (>12 mm) e la velocità del flusso portale (<12 cm/s) e proponendo anche il nuovo Padova Risk Score per la predizione delle complicanze correlate al failing Fontan/FALD. Sono stati identificati 66 pazienti (55%) con un profilo di rischio basso-moderato (hazard ratio 0,30) e 54 pazienti (45%) con rischio elevato (hazard ratio 3,29). L'analisi di sopravvivenza di Kaplan-Meier, ha mostrato la necessità di avviare il monitoraggio epatico già dopo la prima decade nella coorte di pazienti con cuore univentricolare e circuito di Fontan. In particolare, nel triennio in esame si sono registrati 9 decessi e un solo trapianto con esito favorevole (8,3%). Conclusioni: la standardizzazione ed applicazione di un algoritmo per la sorveglianza delle malattie epatiche nei pazienti con Fontan basata sulle misurazioni di LS (cut-off > 20,2 kPa; sens. 84,5%; spec.79,0%; p<0,001) ed SSPS (cut-off>2,28 ; sens. 91,2%; spec. 91,1%; p<0,001) hanno mostrato la maggior accuratezza diagnostica per il FALD. Questi strumenti potranno agevolare la gestione clinica e chirurgica del paziente con FALD, per stabilire adeguati percorsi per il trattamento e la valutazione del paziente che necessiterà di trapianto di cuore o combinato di cuore-fegato.
LA VALUTAZIONE NON-INVASIVA DEL DANNO EPATICO ASSOCIATO ALLA CARDIOPATIA CONGENITA TRATTATA CON CIRCUITO DI FONTAN (FONTAN-ASSOCIATED LIVER DISEASE)
GAVA, SAMUELE
2021/2022
Abstract
Background The univentricular heart defect is treated with the Fontan operation, that consist in the diversion of the systemic venous return to the pulmonary arteries. Nowadays, there are many patients who reach adulthood with a good quality of life. Unfortunately, in this cohort there is a series of complications the so-called failing Fontan, which negatively affects the life expectancy, especially due to the onset of a congestive and then fibrosing liver disease or Fontan-Associated Liver Disease (FALD). In recent decades, therefore, specific diagnostics has assumed significant importance to identify and stage FALD early, in order to optimize patient management both from a clinical and surgical point of view. Objective of the study: a) to characterize patients with failing Fontan, including those with FALD, in relation to the duration of the Fontan; b) to identify liver fibrosis scores, (FORNS, VAST, MELD-XI) and those composite by measurement of Liver (LS) and Spleen (SS) stiffness (LSPS and the new proposed SSPS) for prognosis of portal hypertension, and c) to define the risk profile (new “Padua Risk Score”) for profiling the risk of major liver complications tailored to the individual patient. Patients and Methods 120 outpatients (68 males/52 females), mean age of 24,8 ± 11,6 years born with single ventricle corrected by Fontan circuit-have been recruited prospectively from 2019 to 2022 (mean FU: 18,5±13,1 months). Each patient underwent a complete anamnesis, physical examination and specific profile of hematochemical tests and an instrumental evaluation with: ECG, echocardiography, cardiopulmonary stress tests and abdominal ultrasound with Doppler or CT/MRI, measurement of both liver and spleen stiffness with transient elastography (Fibroscan, Echosens, Paris). Results Based on the time elapsed since Fontan's surgery (Group A: <15 years; Group B: 15-25 years; Group C:> 25 years), 3 groups were formed (each of 40 cases), to compare the clinical, biochemical and imaging features. ROC curves were built for standardization of scores and cut-off with better diagnostic accuracy for FALD. Finally two groups were identified in the population based on criteria selective for advanced liver disease with portal hypertension: ie. VAST score (≥2) or portal vein size (>12mm) and portal flow (<12cm/s) and through the Padua Risk Score, developed during the study, 66 patients (55%) were identified with a low-moderate risk profile (hazard ratio 0,30); while 54 patients (45%) with a high risk profile (hazard ratio 3,29). The worsening of hepatic, renal and cardiac function became evident with elapsed time from Fontan surgery, in particular with the Kaplan-Meier survival analysis, the need to start liver monitoring emerged already after the first decade. In particular, in the three-year period under study there were 9 deaths and only one transplant with a favourable outcome. Conclusions An algorithm for liver disease surveillance in Fontan patients is necessary: liver stiffness (cut-off > 20.2 kPa; sens. 84.5%; spec.79.0%; p<0,001), and the SSPS (cut-off>2,28; sens. 91.2%; spec. 91.1%; p<0.001) proved to be the most accurate score to diagnosed FALD and may be the first standardized guideline bringing toghether professional organization from cardiology and hepatology would to simplify the management of FALD, to establish clear pathways for transplant assessment and organ listing.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/30916